The Earth Does Not Move
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Introduction
Christians will fall away (II Thes. 2:2-4[1]) and stop walking in God’s old paths (Jer. 6:16[2]) before the Antichrist is revealed. We started falling away from the doctrine of earth being the immovable center of the universe in the 1680s. Galileo’s telescope showed Jupiter’s small moons orbiting Jupiter. He declared that the smaller earth orbits around the sun even though the Bible tells us that the earth cannot be moved (Ps. 93:1[3])!
The ancient Greeks proposed the theory of evolution. That heresy couldn’t get far as long as God’s people believed that God loved the earth (Jn. 3:16) and that He wrapped His universe around it on the 2nd day of creation. Galileo began the process of seeing the earth as one minor planet among billions. This made it easier for Christians to abandon other Biblical doctrines such as 6-day creation as listed on page 79.
The Bible has many verses telling us that the earth doesn’t move. This means everything goes around the earth. Scientists tell us on page 7 that mathematics lets us put the center of the universe anywhere. They admit that a lot of evidence suggests that the Earth is the center of the universe. They prefer to say earth goes around the sun even though they confess on page 20 that many of their explanations are absurd.
Scripture teaches that the entire universe revolves around the earth. Scientists say that what goes around what doesn’t matter and admit that their arguments against the earth being the center are absurd. We may say that we believe and honor the Word of God with our lips (Mt. 15:8[4]), but do we have enough faith in God to believe His Word in our hearts?
Table of Contents
How the Moving Earth Heresy Came About 1
Christianity is a Logical, Thinking Faith 3
What Will You Choose To Believe? 3
Geocentrism and the Apollo Rocket to the Moon 6
Newton, Gravity, and Heliocentricity 11
Do You Believe That the Earth Moves? 14
The Bible Says The Earth Does Not Move 16
The Sun Goes Around the Earth 17
The Math Doesn’t Matter to Science 19
Astronomers Confess Their Preference for Heresy 20
God Adjusts the Sun’s Orbit to Control Earth’s Climate 24
Where Do You Place Your Trust? 27
Biblical Geocentricity in More Detail 31
Biblical Passages Supporting Geocentrism 32
Major Cosmological Passages Teaching Geocentricity 34
Isaiah 38:8 (II Kings 20:9-11) 48
Minor Cosmological Passages Confirming Geocentricity 49
The Movement of the Earth because of Judgment 50
Parallax and the Book of James 55
The Need and Result of Solar Parallax 56
Planets, Lights, and Tropics 61
The Michelson-Morley Experiment (MME) 65
Swimming Across a River and Back Vs. Downstream and Back 66
The Motion of the Earth Through the Ether 67
Einstein, Copernicus’ Savior 69
Other Experiments That Confirmed the MME 70
False Arguments That The Earth Spins 73
Abandoned Biblical Doctrines 79
Our Part in the Sins of Our Fathers 79
November 10, 2024
How the Moving Earth Heresy Came About
The Bible says clearly that the earth doesn’t move and that the sun, moon, planets, and stars orbit around the earth (page 91). Most people believed that for 1,600 years after the Church started. When Galileo built a telescope around 1609 and saw the moons of Jupiter going around Jupiter, he concluded that the earth went around the sun.
People stopped believing Bible verses saying that the earth is the unmoving center of the universe. We must live by faith, so God created the universe in such a way that we can’t prove that earth is the center, the center is somewhere else, or even that the universe has a center.
Astronomers admit that their data can easily be interpreted to say that the earth is the center. Only a fool could believe the earth is the center by chance, so if it is the center, Someone put it there. Scientists prefer to interpret their evidence to show that the earth is one minor planet among billions because they don’t want to acknowledge God.
There is far more evidence showing that the earth is the center of the universe than fits in in this book; there are sample examples on page 65 and page 70. The Bibliography lists other sources that support this.
All Motion is Relative
Dictionaries define “motion” as “The act or process of changing position or place.” You must know your place so you can figure out how fast your place changes relative to some other place we call the “origin.” Einstein defined motion:
“It has, of course, been known since the days of the ancient Greeks that in order to describe the movement of a body, a second body is needed to which the movement of the first is referred.”[5]
Your speedometer measures how fast your car moves relative to the road. As the road twists and turns, it measures how fast you’re moving relative to the little piece of road you’re on right now. The origin changes as you move to a different place on the road. The speedometer measures how fast you’re moving relative to your new origin.
Your smartphone GPS gives you latitude and longitude. You could write an app to compute your motion with respect to Boston or any other point on earth. Your app would look up the latitude and longitude of the place you choose, determine how fast your latitude and longitude are changing, and compute your speed relative to any chosen origin.
If you drove south from New Hampshire, USA, toward Boston at 60 MPH, your speed relative to Boston would be close to 60 MPH because Rte. 93 runs nearly straight south to Boston. If you turn onto the beltway around Boston, your speed relative to Boston might be zero as you circle the city at 60 MPH relative to the road. Speed would be negative as you got further from the city and would be positive as you got closer.
Suppose you knew your speed with respect to Boston but your car didn’t have a speedometer. Can you figure out your road speed?
You can’t. When you’re on a perfectly circular part of the beltway, your speed relative to Boston will be zero no matter how fast you move relative to the road. If you had Google Maps so that you knew how the road was shaped and where you were on the road, you could figure out how fast you were moving relative to that piece of road most of the time, but the math would make your head hurt.
That’s the problem the early Greeks had trying to figure out how planets moved. They had no map of the solar system but they could see that certain “lights in the heavens” moved differently from stars.
And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: Genesis 1:14
…he made the stars also. Genesis 1:16
Early astronomers had no accurate clocks or good instruments for measuring angles. They wrote down how high in the sky planets such as Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, and Venus seemed at different times of the night and of the year. Figuring out how planets move with pencil and paper from such data makes your hair catch fire. I’m awed by what they did.
Many early astronomers wrote about how the stars moved, but the Greek astronomer Ptolemy (~85 ~165)-was given credit for explaining how the sun and planets moved around the earth. His earth-centered, geocentric view of planetary motion is called the “Ptolemaic system.”
Christianity is a Logical, Thinking Faith
Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD: Isaiah 1:18
Knowing therefore the terror of the Lord, we persuade men; II Corinthians 5:11a
Even with Heaven and Hell in the balance, we persuade. Christianity is a thinking faith, God appeals to our minds and to our hearts. God is a God of purpose and plan (Isaiah 14:26-27[6], 23:9[7], 46:10-11[8]; Jer. 4:28[9]; Ro. 8:28[10]), there is logic in all He does. We’re told to reason together with God to find out His rules.
For we are labourers together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye are God's building. I Corinthians 3:9
What an honor! Christians labor with God to explore His purposes.
What Will You Choose To Believe?
Jesus declared that His Father’s “word is truth. (Jn. 17:17).” Jesus is His Word (Jn. 1:14[11]) and He cares what we believe about His Word:
He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day. John 12:48
Do you believe that Jesus’ words including what He said about planetary motion are true? Your belief matters to Him.
Whosoever therefore shall be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation; of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father with the holy angels. Mark 8:38 see also Luke 9:26
I don’t want Jesus ashamed of me when He comes back. I try to spread His Word, and I stand behind it all. Our faith is very important to Jesus (Hab. 2:4[12]; Rom. 1:17[13], 4:5[14]; Gal. 3:11[15]; Heb. 10:38[16])
God arranged creation so that there can be no proof whether He exists or not. He formed His universe so that there can’t be scientific proof whether the earth or the sun moves. As Einstein put it,
“…nor has any physical experiment ever proved that the Earth actually is in motion.”[17] [emphasis added]
There’s no way to tell whether the earth moves or the sun moves from watching stars move. Secular scientist’s struggle against geocentric interpretations of their evidence is explored in detail on page 9.
Einstein wrote “Either coordinate system could be used with equal justification. The two sentences: ‘the sun is at rest and the Earth moves,’ or ‘the sun moves and the Earth is at rest,’ would simply mean two different conventions concerning two different coordinate systems.”[18]
Science or the Word of God?
Knowing that many would reject His Word and trust “science falsely so called (1 Tim. 6:20[19]),” God arranged physics and cosmology to show that the earth is the center of the universe but allow other interpretations. The Michaelson-Morley experiment discussed on page 65 indicated strongly that the earth was the unmoving center of the entire universe.
Astronomers didn’t want to accept that, but the evidence was so strong that it took 20 years to find a way to interpret the data to say that the earth was moving. Einstein’s creative denials which scientists supported to avoid the obvious are discussed on page 69.
The location of the center of the universe is a fundamental question because all motion is defined relative to the center. The Bible and astronomers like Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Einstein can’t both be right. Either the earth is the unmoving center or it’s not.
Physics and cosmology based on the wrong view are wrong. Scientists labor to interpret data in ways that don’t put the earth at the center, but here’s more evidence that supports Scripture:
Genesis 1 says that light and the Earth were created before the sun and stars. On July 8, 2014, Carnegie Science reported[20] that there is more light in the universe than is generated by the stars:
“Either our accounting of the light from galaxies and quasars is very far off, or there’s some other major source of ionizing photons that we’ve never recognized,” Kollmeier said. “We are calling this missing light the photon underproduction crisis. But it’s the astronomers who are in crisis—somehow or other, the universe is getting along just fine.”
A “photon” is one little piece of light. By “underproduction,” he means that stars don’t make enough light to make all the light we can see. He has one thing right – “the universe is getting along just fine,” it’s scientists who deny the Biblical creation account that are in crisis.
There is more light than the stars make because God made light before He made stars. On June 30, 2017, Forbes Magazine wrote “Science Uncovers The Origin Of The First Light In The Universe[21].”
After centuries of investigating the origins of the Universe, science has finally uncovered what physically happened to “let there be light” in space. …
So where did this light — the first light in the Universe — first come from? It didn’t come from stars, because it predates the stars. [emphasis added]
Forbes tells us light came before the stars just as the Bible says.
To name another example, the universe looks pretty much the same no matter which direction we look. The simplest explanation is that the earth is at the center of the universe as the Bible says. If we weren’t at the center, we’d see more radiation from one direction than another.
Geocentrism and the Apollo Rocket to the Moon
Earth has been special to God ever since He spoke it into existence:[22]
For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. John 3:16
The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. Psalm 93:1
The Bible teaches that the earth doesn’t move (page 91), but my 2nd grade science book told me the earth moved around the sun. It had a diagram showing the earth and all the planets orbiting the sun. The NASA physicists with whom I worked knew that it doesn’t matter what’s chosen as the center of an orbit:
“We know that the difference between a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory and a geocentric (earth-centered) theory is one of relative motion only, and that such a difference has no physical significance.”[23] [emphasis added]
Einstein said you can choose any point as center no matter how the planets really move. A viewer on the earth sees the moon move. It rises and sets, it gets brighter and dimmer. To fire a rocket from the earth to the moon, you have to take the moon’s motion into account, it’s a moving target. You needn’t worry about whether or how the earth is moving, you just have to know how the moon moves relative to earth.
From a point on the moon, the earth seems to move, it rises and sets. If you want a rocket to go back to earth from the moon, you have to take account for the earth’s motion relative to the moon.
Relative motion of one body with respect to another is all that matters. This lets us center an orbit anywhere that simplifies the math. When orbiting the earth, we calculated from the center of the earth using what’s called the “fixed-Earth coordinate system.” It’s easiest to track satellites circling the earth if the earth is treated as not moving. We calculated from the moon’s center when orbiting the moon.
From earth orbit, we saw that the moon was moving relative to the earth. To get to the moon, we had to aim where the moon would be when the rocket got there. The further we got from earth, the less the earth’s gravity pulled back to earth and the stronger the moon’s gravity pulled toward the moon. These changes had to be taken into account.
We didn’t want to crash into the moon; we had to get there at just the right angle and speed to end up in a stable orbit around the moon.
When it was time to go back, we saw that the earth moves relative to the moon. We had to aim where the earth would be when we got there, arriving at just the right angle and speed to get into a stable earth orbit.
In 7th or 8th grade, I read about a simple experiment which showed that the earth was the center of the universe, page 65. I later learned that the Bible teaches that the sun goes around the earth:
The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. Ecclesiastes 1:5
Having been a geocentrist from my youth and having learned from NASA that what goes around what has “no physical significance,” I didn’t know that geocentric versus heliocentric was a church issue until a pastor asked me to study Bible verses about astronomy. How do we do that?
And Jesus called a little child unto him, and set him in the midst of them, 3And said, Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 18:2-3
Jesus expects us to accept His Word with childlike faith because He doesn’t lie either to adults or to children. The Bible says much a child can’t understand, and much that I can’t understand, but anything a child can understand is true as a child would understand it.
How would a child understand “And the evening and the morning were the first day (Gen. 1:5[24])?” A child would understand that God made everything in 6 days, each of which had an evening and a morning.
A child would understand Ecc. 1:5 the same way I did – the Bible teaches that the sun goes around the earth.
A child who hadn’t yet been taught what “science falsely so called (1 Tim. 6:20[25])” says about how planets move would say that the Bible says that the sun goes around the earth. Scientists say that all motion is relative so it doesn’t matter how you define planetary motion.
The Copernican Controversy
In the Ptolemaic model, planets moved in circles called “cycles” around the earth. Ptolemy had to add smaller circles called “epicycles” whose centers moved along the larger circles. He ended up with ten or twelve layers of epicycles to explain the observed motion of each planet.
Copernicus wrote about sun-centered heliocentric orbits. His book, “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,” was published in 1543.
Tycho Brahe Collected Data
Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) was a wealthy nobleman who knew about Copernicus’ ideas. A convinced geocentrist, he thought that better data would settle the question. He built the most accurate astronomical instruments that existed before the telescope was invented 8 years after his death. Some of his tables were used for centuries because they were so accurate that early telescopes couldn't do any better.
Brahe hired Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) to prove that the earth was the center of the solar system. The Bible taught geocentricity, so Copernicus’ idea wasn't just questioning “settled science,” it also questioned the Word of God.
Kepler analyzed Brahe's data. He satisfied himself that the earth and planets followed elliptical orbits around the sun and published his findings between 1609 and 1619. He may or may not have realized that the fact that his formula matched Brahe’s data didn’t necessarily mean that the earth moved around the sun. Brahe’s data also fit the idea that the sun and planets orbit around the earth or the idea that the planets orbit the sun which orbits the earth, but the math is more complicated.
Galileo and God
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was one of the key influencers promoting heliocentricity. In 1609, about the time Kepler started publishing ideas about elliptical orbits, Galileo built a telescope. When he saw small moons orbiting around Jupiter, he concluded that the earth, being smaller than the sun, orbited around the sun.
In 1616, Galileo was warned that
… the doctrine attributed to Copernicus – that the earth moves around the sun and that the sun stands in the center of the world without moving from the east to the west – is contrary to the Holy Scriptures and therefore cannot be defended nor held.[26]
Galileo kept teaching and promoting Copernican theory, so in April 1633, the pope forced Galileo to write a detailed public retraction.[27] From a Biblical perspective, saying that the earth moves is heresy[28]. Copernicanism denies the many Bible passages discussed on page 31.
The sun-centered theory slowly but surely became “settled science” because of its simpler math. Long before Einstein, Hoyle, and others admitted that orbital math worked for any center, Galileo realized that Brahe’s data could support either geocentricity or heliocentricity. The year before he died, he wrote:
The falsity of the Copernican system should not in any way be called into question, . . . since we have the unshakeable authority of the Sacred Scripture, interpreted by the most erudite theologians, whose consensus gives us certainty regarding the stability of the Earth, situated in the center, and the motion of the sun around the Earth. The conjectures employed by Copernicus and his followers in maintaining the contrary thesis are all sufficiently rebutted by that most solid argument deriving from the omnipotence of God. He is able to bring about in different ways, indeed, in an infinite number of ways, things that, according to our opinion and observation, appear to happen in one particular way. We should not seek to shorten the hand of God and boldly insist on something beyond the limits of our competence. . ..[29] [emphasis added]
Galileo’s little-known letter summarizes the conflict. Anyone who argues for geocentricity is accused of “scientific heresy” and denied research funding. Cosmologists admit that their data can be interpreted to show that the earth is the unmoving center, but prefer that the earth not be the center. These preferences are discussed on page 20.
Newton, Gravity, and Heliocentricity
Kepler's paper settled the math of how planets seem to move, but nobody could understand why they moved in elliptical orbits.
Isaac Newton (1642–1726) saw that elliptical orbits would result if every lump of mass in the universe attracted every other mass with a force proportional to the product of their masses divided by the square of the distance between them. In brief, it's M1M2/R2.
His Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in 1689 to great praise. Principia argued that the math is simpler if we assume planets have elliptical orbits around the sun than if the sun and planets orbit the earth. People assumed that because planetary data matched Sir Isaac’s equations, planets moved elliptically around the sun.
People today forget that mathematical climate models don’t necessarily work the same way that earth’s climate works. Einstein admitted that mathematics doesn’t always match reality: “As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.”[30]
His colleagues and successors who deny geocentricity claim that if their math matches astronomical data, their formulas show what the universe must be doing. We know better. The weather we experience doesn’t always match the mathematically-derived weather predictions. That’s what Einstein meant when he said “as far as they [mathematical laws] are certain, they do not refer to reality.” Our weather wizards understand the math in their weather models, but their predictions are often wrong. Stock market forecasts and climate change models are also uncertain. Math can model reality, but doesn’t always match reality.
The Watchmaker God
Sir Isaac said, “When I see a watch, I think of a watchmaker.” If you found a wristwatch, you wouldn’t think the watch had formed by little bits of metal, gears, and springs coming randomly together. You’d think a watchmaker made it. Sir Isaac knew that random creation of our complex universe was unrealistic, but he thought his “watchmaker God” wound up the universe and left it alone.
Sailors could predict high and low tides; astronomers could predict eclipses and keep the calendar lined up with the seasons by following the lights God gave “for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years (Gen. 1:14[31]).” Sir Isaac believed that the motion of every planet was completely predictable with his laws - once you knew how God started the solar system, you could always predict where planets would go.
Sir Isaac was wrong. After his death, physicists proved that if there were only three planets in the entire universe, just three, you cannot predict where they will go. We can’t solve the “three body problem.” Sir Isaac didn’t know that planetary motions cannot be predicted from his understanding of God’s laws of gravity.
We can’t use Newton’s laws of gravity to predict the motions of just three planets. Our solar system operates smoothly because God keeps it in order, not because of gravity and Newton’s Laws.
“And he is before all things, and by him all things consist. (Col. 1:17)” “Consist” is an action completed in the past but emphasizes the ongoing results in the present. Jesus created the universe. His action continues into the present, He keeps it going “by the word of his power (He. 1:3).”
It seems that the universe operates like clockwork. Rivers run down to the sea, water evaporates and comes back as rain (Ecc. 1:7[32]). Stars and planets orbit smoothly. Sir Isaac’s idea of a watchmaker God seems reasonable, but the Bible teaches that God stayed involved in His creation. That helps us understand prayer. If God had stepped away there’d be no reason to pray, but the Bible says that He stayed involved.
Like Galileo, Sir Isaac knew that his equations didn’t necessarily describe what planets do. In Principia he wrote, “I design only to give mathematical notion of these forces, without consideration of their physical causes and seats.” His unpublished notes confirmed this:
If we were to adopt a frame of reference like Tycho’s in which the earth is at rest, then the distant galaxies would seem to be executing circular turns once a year, and in general relativity, this enormous motion would create forces akin to gravitation, which would act on the Sun and planets and give them the motions of Tychonic theory. Newton seems to have had a hint of this. In an unpublished ‘Proposition 43’ that did not make it into the Principia, Newton acknowledge that Tycho’s theory could be true if some other force besides ordinary gravitation acted on the Sun and planets.[33]
There is “some other force.” The earth is pulled by the gravity of all the planets, stars, and galaxies in the universe. They all affect each other, but Sir Isaac had no way to account for this.
Airlines spend millions of dollars generating flight schedules, but airplanes don’t always arrive on time even when they leave on time. We expect this because the scheduling system doesn’t know what the winds will be when it sets the schedule. Models are always simpler than reality, sometimes because our computers aren’t powerful enough to include all the variables and sometimes because of things we don’t know about.
Do You Believe That the Earth Moves?
The Bible is reliable when it speaks of science. The Bible tells how God arranged the earth, sun, and stars. The Bible states plainly that the earth does not move and that the sun goes around the earth.
Does it matter whether the sun goes around the earth? We live on the earth. How it moves or whether it moves doesn’t affect our daily lives, but belief about how or if the earth moves shows our attitude toward the Bible. The Bible says that what God’s Word is true (John 17:17[34]). Christians believe what the Bible says about salvation; do we believe what it says about anything else?
In Paul’s speech before he departed for Rome, he said:
But this I confess unto thee, that after the way which they call heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the law and in the prophets: and have hope toward God, which they themselves also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust. Acts 24:24-15
Paul said he believed all things written in God’s Word. Do we believe the Bible? Can we believe the Bible? Does it matter?
Galileo died in 1642, so it took about 100 years for the idea of the sun being the center to become popular. Scientists accepted the moving earth because the math was simpler and because it denied Scripture. There’s no way to see what moves and what doesn’t without choosing a measuring point which, as Einstein says, has no physical significance.
In spite of many scientific experiments, there is no proof whether the earth moves or not. Physicist I. Bernard Cohen wrote in 1960:
There is no planetary observation by which we on Earth can prove that the Earth is moving in an orbit around the sun. Thus all Galileo’s discoveries with the telescope can be accommodated to the system invented by Tycho Brahe just before Galileo began his observations of the heavens. In this Tychonic system, the planets…move in orbits around the sun, while the sun moves in an orbit around the Earth in a year. Furthermore, the daily rotation of the heavens is communicated to the sun and planets, so that the Earth itself neither rotates nor revolves in an orbit.[35]
Saying that the earth orbits the sun denies the Bible. If what the Bible says about the rising of the sun isn’t true, how can we believe what it says about the rising of God’s Son? “If Christ is not risen, our preaching is vain and our faith is vain (I Cor. 15:14).” If the earth is the center of the universe, what Jesus did here is of great importance; if the earth is just a minor planet among billions, what does it matter what He did here?
“Copernicus had succeeded in making a clearly heretical teaching palatable to not only the Roman Catholic Church, but to Protestantism as well. Copernicus and Galileo had succeeded in discrediting the Bible as an authority in the realm of science. This called into question the authority of the Bible in all other areas, too.
. . . It was Kepler who envisioned the creation, man included, as pure machine. As such, life loses all meaning and value. . .
Less than 200 years after surrendering the Bible's authority in the realm of physical science, man surrendered its spiritual authority at the hands of the German school of higher criticism, a way of criticizing the Bible which supposedly is based on natural revelation, that is, upon ‘scientific’ principles. . . .
Now men claim without fear or thought that the Bible is only inerrant in what it claims about ‘salvation,’ but that its scientific and dietary claims are quite errant. Others maintain that the Bible ‘is inerrant only in its original autographs’ which ‘original autographs’ no longer exist anywhere on earth. They do not realize that it is an error to say ‘is inerrant’ about the originals in the first place since the word ‘is’ maintains that they still exist. This latter claim obviously denies both the inerrancy of the currently existing Bible as well as denying the preservation of the Bible.”[36]
Other abandoned Biblical doctrines are discussed on page 79.
The Bible Says The Earth Does Not Move
It was natural for Christians to believe that the earth was the center of the universe. God walked and spoke with men on the earth; Jesus died and was resurrected on earth to save us from our sins. Scientists now say that the universe has no center. Believing that the earth is the center doesn’t conflict with science, but it’ll convince people that you’re peculiar (De. 14:2[37], 26:18[38], Titus 2:14[39], I Peter 2:9[40]).
Deu. 1:17[41] tells us not to fear men, so let’s see what the Bible says:
Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. Psalm 19:4-6
The sun moves from one end of heaven to the other. It’s a complex circuit because the Sun’s position as seen from earth changes to give us seasons and to mark years, but God can handle the math.
The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. Psalm 93:1
Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever. Psalm 104:5
These passages say that the world does not move. The Apostle Paul used the immovability of the earth as a metaphor for permanence:
Wherefore, if meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh while the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend. I Corinthians 8:13
Thy faithfulness is unto all generations: thou hast established the earth, and it abideth. Psalm 119:90
One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth forever. Ecclesiastes 1:4
There are many passages that say the world will never move:
Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. I Chronicles 16:30
Say among the heathen that the LORD reigneth: the world also shall be established that it shall not be moved: he shall judge the people righteously. Psalm 96:10
A moving earth would not be a very useful footstool:
Thus saith the LORD, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool: where is the house that ye build unto me? and where is the place of my rest? Isaiah 66:1, see also Acts 7:49
The Sun Goes Around the Earth
Other passages say specifically that the sun goes around the earth.
The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. Ecclesiastes 1:5
Some say this is metaphor, but the following verses are literally true:
The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. Ecclesiastes 1:6-7
Scientists learned that jet streams blow all the way around the earth as shown on the back cover and learned how oceans and lakes evaporate to make rain in the 1880s. Given that verses about wind and rivers are literally true, why shouldn’t the verse about the sun be literally true?
These verses say that the sun goes forth, that is, the sun moves:
So let all thine enemies perish, O LORD: but let them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might. And the land had rest forty years. Judges 5:31
He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down. Psalm 104:19
From the rising of the sun unto the going down of the same the LORD's name is to be praised. Psalm 113:3
This passage makes it clear that the sun moves:
The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof. Psalm 50:1
Science says the earth’s rotation creates days and the earth’s motion around the sun creates years; God says that He created lights to divide day from night and to make years and seasons. Which do you believe?
And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: Genesis 1:14
God made the sun stand still to help Joshua win a battle:
Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. 13And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. 14And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the LORD hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the LORD fought for Israel.
Joshua 10:12-14
God moved the sun backward as a sign to King Hezekiah:
And this shall be a sign unto thee from the LORD, that the LORD will do this thing that he hath spoken; behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down. Isaiah 38:7-8
Page 91 describes non-Biblical records of extra-long days and nights.
The Bottomless Pit
And I saw an angel come down from heaven, having the key of the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. 2And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years, 3And cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal upon him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand years should be fulfilled: and after that he must be loosed a little season. Revelation 20:1-3
The Bible tells us that the bottomless pit is within the earth:
But if the LORD make a new thing, and the earth open her mouth, and swallow them up, with all that appertain unto them, and they go down quick into the pit; then ye shall understand that these men have provoked the LORD. Numbers 16:30
And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up together with Korah, when that company died, what time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men: and they became a sign. 11Notwithstanding the children of Korah died not. Numbers 26:10-11
“Bottomless” means you fall forever. If gravity pulls just a bit in one direction, you’ll bump something. The pit is in the earth, so the earth is the gravitational center of the universe. Everything orbits around it.
The Math Doesn’t Matter to Science
The mathematics of computing the orbits of the planets is simpler from a sun-centered point of view, but the math works just as well if the earth is treated as the center. As Sir Hoyle said, “it has no physical significance.”
Schools teach that the sun is the center of the solar system; scientists say it doesn’t matter where you put the center, and the Bible says that the earth is the center of the universe. Which do you believe?
Belief in geocentricity versus heliocentricity is an important choice. The way you treat the Word of God will be on your final exam:
And if any man hear my words, and believe not, I judge him not: for I came not to judge the world, but to save the world. 48He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day. John 12:47-48
Whosoever therefore shall be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation; of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father with the holy angels. Mark 8:38
For whosoever shall be ashamed of me and of my words, of him shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he shall come in his own glory, and in his Father's, and of the holy angels. Luke 9:26
I don’t want Him ashamed of me, so I’ve chosen to believe His Word.
Astronomers Confess Their Preference for Heresy
Page 65 explains the MME experiment that showed that the earth is the unmoving center of the universe. This caused great upset because astronomy is based on the idea that the earth goes around the sun.
One scientist called geocentrism “a depressing thought.”[42] Another admitted “…nor has any physical experiment ever proved that the Earth actually is in motion.”[43] The thought of admitting that science took a wrong turn in the 1600s is, as Einstein’s biographer put it, “unthinkable,”[44] but all their data show God’s power and His deity:
For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness; 19Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them. 20For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: 21Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened. Romans 1:18-21
The more they learn about creation, the more they’re bothered:
Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) Romans 2:15
The evidence that God put the earth in the unmoving center is so strong that it takes a great deal of effort to invent ways to explain the data while assuming that the earth goes around the sun. Prof. Richard Lewontin of Harvard explained why scientists labor so hard to defend heliocentrism against so much compelling geocentric evidence:
We take the side of science in spite of the patent absurdity of some of its constructs, in spite of its failure to fulfill many of its extravagant promises of health, in spite of the tolerance of the scientific for unsubstantiated just-so stories, because we have a prior commitment to materialism.
It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel[45] us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal[46] world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counterintuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated.[47] Moreover, that materialism is absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.[48] [emphasis added]
Satan tempted Eve by saying, “ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil (Gen. 3:5)” and offering “a tree to be desired to make one wise (Gen. 3:6).” The Apostle Paul warned about the temptations of knowledge:
But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. II Corinthians 11:3
The Romans passage above explains why scientists work so hard to deny God. Rom. 1:20 tells us that what astronomers see in the universe shows God’s power and Godhead. The Times of London called Einstein’s theories “an affront to common sense,”[49] showing the “patent absurdity” of materialistic explanations which help scientists think they can deny God’s involvement in creating the universe.
Page 34 shows that God said “let there be light” on day one, wrapped the spinning firmament around the earth the next day, and placed “lights in the firmament of the heaven” on day 4. That is far simpler than the convoluted oppositions of science falsely so called (1 Tim. 6:20).
Explaining Away Red Shift
Dr. Edwin Hubble saw that no matter which way he looked, light coming from distant galaxies was shifted toward red. He claimed that this was a visual example of the “Doppler effect” that changes the pitch of a sound when a source moves toward you and then moves away from you.
A source that isn’t moving sends waves of the same pitch in all directions. A source that’s moving toward you compresses the waves it’s just generated. This shortens a sound wave which increases the pitch. When it passes and moves away from you, moving away from the sound waves lengthens the wavelength which lowers the pitch.
If the speed of light is constant, a light source moving toward you compresses the light waves and shifts them toward the blue part of visible light. A source moving away stretches light waves toward red.
There were two possible explanations for Dr. Hubble’s red shift:
1) The pull of gravity of each light source slowed the light down and made stars look redder. Stars look the same in all directions because the Earth is the center of the universe.
2) The light sources were moving rapidly away from the earth as the sound of a train whistle changes as a train coming toward us starts moving away. This “Doppler shift” made the stars look redder.
If the red shift was due to the gravity of the stars that put out the light, the universe was much smaller than cosmologists preferred. It was not nearly old enough for evolution to have taken place. Hubble wrote:
“if redshifts are not primarily due to velocity shifts…there is no evidence of expansion, no trace of curvature, no restriction of the time scale.”[50] [emphasis added]
Dr. Hubble tells us that Einstein invented the idea of space-time being curved by the star’s gravity to avoid geocentricity. That let astronomers claim that the universe was expanding rapidly. The stars were so far apart that the “time scale” meant that the universe was very old.
…Such a condition [earth at the center] would imply that we occupy a unique position in the universe, analogous, in a sense, to the ancient conception of a central Earth...This hypothesis cannot be disproved, but it is unwelcome and would only be accepted as a last resort in order to save the phenomena. Therefore we disregard this possibility.... the unwelcome position of a favored location must be avoided at all costs.... such a favored position is intolerable... Therefore, in order to restore homogeneity, and to escape the horror of a unique position…must be compensated by spatial curvature. There seems to be no other escape.[51] [emphasis added]
Dr. Hubble called geocentrism “unwelcome” and a “last resort.” Einstein’s saying that the speed of light was constant meant that gravity didn’t cause the red shift. That meant that stars were moving rapidly away from the earth, but in 1939, Herbert Ives showed that space-time isn’t bent by gravity; starlight bends near the sun because light slows down in gravitational fields. As light passes the sun, the part of the beam that is nearer to the sun slows more than the part of the beam further away. Glass lenses slow the speed of light which is how they focus. The sun’s gravity acts like a lens or prism and bends light beams.[52]
Gravity slows light as a glass lens slows light as shown on page 27. Light speed isn’t constant, stars aren’t moving away from the earth, the universe isn’t expanding, and the earth is at the center of the universe. Denial of the obvious is also found in the life sciences:
“When it comes to the origin of life on this earth, there are only two possibilities: creation or spontaneous generation (evolution). There is no third way. Spontaneous generation was disproved 100 years ago, but that leads us only to one other conclusion: that of supernatural creation. We cannot accept that on philosophical grounds (personal reasons); therefore, we choose to believe the impossible: that life arose spontaneously by chance.”[53] [emphasis added]
To which Scripture responds:
The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. They are corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that doeth good. Psalm 14:1
The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. Corrupt are they, and have done abominable iniquity: there is none that doeth good. Psalm 53:1
These scientists are worse than fools. Fools don’t understand the truth. Scorners understand the truth but choose to reject it.
God Adjusts the Sun’s Orbit to Control Earth’s Climate
God controls the circuits of the sun, moon, and stars around the earth to manage weather on the earth. There are many references to God’s control of both climate and weather in the Old Testament:
He turneth rivers into a wilderness, and the watersprings into dry ground; Psalm 107:33
I will make waste mountains and hills, and dry up all their herbs; and I will make the rivers islands, and I will dry up the pools. Isaiah 42:15
Wherefore, when I came, was there no man? when I called, was there none to answer? Is my hand shortened at all, that it cannot redeem? or have I no power to deliver? behold, at my rebuke I dry up the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness: their fish stinketh, because there is no water, and dieth for thirst. Isaiah 50:2
The field is wasted, the land mourneth; for the corn is wasted: the new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth. 20The beasts of the field cry also unto thee: for the rivers of waters are dried up, and the fire hath devoured the pastures of the wilderness. Joel 1:10, 20
And I will make the rivers dry, and sell the land into the hand of the wicked: and I will make the land waste, and all that is therein, by the hand of strangers: I the LORD have spoken it. Ezekiel 30:12
He rebuketh the sea, and maketh it dry, and drieth up all the rivers: Bashan languisheth, and Carmel, and the flower of Lebanon languisheth. Nahum 1:4
And he shall pass through the sea with affliction, and shall smite the waves in the sea, and all the deeps of the river shall dry up: and the pride of Assyria shall be brought down, and the sceptre of Egypt shall depart away. Zechariah 10:11
God brought a three-year drought when Elijah prayed:
Elias was a man subject to like passions as we are, and he prayed earnestly that it might not rain: and it rained not on the earth by the space of three years and six months. 18And he prayed again, and the heaven gave rain, and the earth brought forth her fruit.
James 5:17-18
Elias shows us the power of faith, God’s control of the weather, and His continued involvement in the affairs of men. In 2022, God reminded everyone that He controls our weather. The BBC reported:[54]
Rivers and lakes have dried, causing major problems for shipping and other vessels. The receding water levels have also revealed some usually-buried treasures.
The most ominous of these are “hunger stones,” engraved at the waterline of rivers during previous droughts as a warning to future generations that when the stones are above water, hardship lies ahead.
One stone, which was first carved as far back as the 15th Century, also surfaced in 1616, when locals inscribed into it the words “if you see me, cry.”
Europeans have been recording periods of disastrous drought since the 1400s. How many have turned to God to pray for relief?
We know of many ways God affects earth’s climate and weather, but there is much we don’t know. In the 1920s, Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milanković theorized that changes in the shape of the earth’s orbit, changes in the tilt of the earth’s spin axis relative to the sun, and wobble in the earth’s spin would cause the earth to absorb different amounts of heat by changing which parts of the earth received direct sunlight. Milanković was a Copernican, so he didn’t point out that changes in the sun’s orbit around the earth would have the same effect.
Data from ice cores and lake sediments support Milanković’s cycles, but there are many climate changes that he can’t explain.
High-resolution studies of deep-sea cores confirmed that glacial periods, as reflected in seawater temperatures, precisely follow Milankovitch’s predictions over roughly the past one million years. Those studies provided evidence for cyclical climate change in the past with periods of approximately 100,000, 41,000, and 23,000 years, coinciding with the astronomical cycles in eccentricity[55], axial tilt, and precession[56] respectively. The astronomically timed variations in solar radiation are now known as Milankovitch cycles.[57]
The sun’s output changes. This affects our climate, but it’s not clear how because different light colors warm clouds differently. Data suggest an 11-year solar cycle, but we haven’t collected data long enough to show the longer cycles suggested by the deep-sea cores.
We have no scientific explanation for changes in the sun’s path around the earth. The more scientists study how God controls our climate, the more complex the sun’s circuit becomes.
The Problem of Parallax on page 55 gives more evidence that the universe is smaller and younger than scientists say. Milankovitch showed that the sun’s motion around the earth controls our climate. Newton’s laws can’t explain the motion. God keeps everything in place.
How Lenses Work
A light beam bends when switching from air to water or glass because the speed of light is different in different media. Think of a column of soldiers marching on pavement and step off onto muddy ground where they go slower. This makes the column turn left as shown below. Light beams act in a similar way when changing speeds in different media.
Glass lenses have
curved sides so they can focus all the light hitting the lens onto a point.
A prism has flat sides which bend the beam as it comes in and bend it again as it comes out the other side of the prism. This scatters the light into a rainbow.
Where Do You Place Your Trust?
Some scientists admit the obvious. Quasar expert Varshini wrote:
“The Earth is indeed the center of the Universe. The arrangement of quasars on certain spherical shells is only with respect to the Earth. These shells would disappear if viewed from another galaxy or quasar. This means that the cosmological principle[58] will have to go. Also it implies that a coordinate system fixed to the Earth will be a preferred frame of reference in the Universe. Consequently, both the Special and General Theory of Relativity must be abandoned for cosmological purposes.”[59] [emphasis added]
“Quasar” is short for “quasi-stellar [star-like] radio source.” Varshini said that their distribution shows the earth is at the center of the universe. If it wasn’t at the center, he’d see stronger radiation from one direction and weaker radiation from other directions.
Gamma rays could be studied once we got instruments above the earth atmosphere that blocks them. Enough data had been collected by 1995 to conclude that gamma ray bursts center on the earth:
The isotropy[60] and inhomogeneity[61] of the bursts show only that we are at the center of the apparent burst distribution.[62]
Gamma bursts center on the earth as their preferred direction.
The observational data show conclusively that the Earth is situated at or very near the center of the gamma-ray burst universe.[63]
The Michelson-Morley experiment which shows that the earth is the unmoving center of the universe is discussed on page 65.
Satan is patiently undermining the Word of God. Galileo’s letter discussed on page 10 acknowledged that God’s Word defined planetary motion. Sir Isaac Newton was born the year Galileo died. Copernican views had become more popular. Newton’s proposition 43 that was left out of Prinicipia as discussed on page 13 didn‘t acknowledge God, but admitted that planetary motion didn’t necessarily follow his formulas.
Principia was published in 1689. As shown on page 23, Hubble wrote in 1936 “This hypothesis [geocentrism] cannot be disproved, but it is unwelcome . . . such a favored position [of the earth] is intolerable.”
Professor Lewontin’s statement that scientists would rather accept absurd ideas, tolerate “unsubstantiated just-so stories,” and accept counterintuitive materialist explanations because God-oriented explanations are intolerable is discussed on page 20. Secular scientists cling to vain imaginations (2 Cor. 10:5)[64] because they have no other way to avoid acknowledging their Creator (Ps. 19:1)[65]. Their guilty consciences know that God expects them to answer for their sins.
Astronomy went from acknowledging God’s view of the universe to admitting there might be other explanations to saying that the earth had a favored position was intolerable to declaring that saying anything about God was intolerable. True science goes wherever the facts lead. Basing conclusions on human preferences is not science.
Lest Satan should get an advantage of us: for we are not ignorant of his devices. II Corinthians 2:11
Christians must live by faith. That means there can’t be scientific proof whether the earth or sun moves. God fixed the earth in place, wrapped the universe around it, and sent His Son to earth to die for our sins. Scientists have chosen to believe that the earth goes around the sun, a minor planet among billions, put where it is by random chance, even though the geocentric interpretation is simpler and more logical.
Thus saith the LORD; Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and maketh flesh his arm, and whose heart departeth from the LORD. Jeremiah 17:5
“They have their reward (Mt. 6:2, 6:5, 6:16).”
God expects His people to choose to believe that “God’s in His heaven; all’s right with the world.”[66] The Bible teaches that God handles the math by “the Word of His power (Heb. 1:3).”[67]
Do you trust science falsely so called[68], or do you trust God’s Word?
Nevertheless when the Son of man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? Luke 18:8b
The next sections discuss Biblical geocentricity in more detail. If you’re convinced that the Bible is clear in saying that the earth is the center of the universe, you can skip to the explanation of the Michelson-Morley Experiment (MME), the simplest experiment that proved that the earth is the center of the universe, on page 65.
If you’re convinced that scientists will lie to advance their own interests and you believe that they misrepresent their data, you can skip to the discussion of the many abandoned Biblical doctrines on page 79.
Page 91 lists Bible verses which show that God wrapped the spinning universe around the unmoving earth on the second day of creation.
Biblical Geocentricity in More Detail
The Bible teaches that the Lord God created the heaven and earth in six 24-hour days (Gen. 1:1-31; Ex. 20:11[69]; Ps. 104:1-26; Col. 1:16-17[70]). Biblical Creationists have showed that science is subject to the literal interpretation of Scriptures in respect to the creation account, the Noahic flood, and other science-oriented passages.[71]
The Creationist movement has spread the Christian worldview widely enough to become a serious threat to the materialistic secular humanist evolutionary worldview taught in public education,[72] and rightfully so. This section subordinates science to the Biblical view of the earth as the unmoving center of the universe.
It’s hard to persuade Christians to have faith in Biblical geocentricity because the heresy of a moving earth has been around for so long. Unlike the conflict between the Genesis creation account and the theory of evolution, there is no disagreement between science and geocentrism.
1. God created the Third Heaven (Col. 1:16-17[73]; cf. Job 38:7[74]) with limitations (I Ki. 8:27[75]).
2. God created the First and Second Heavens with limitations (Gen. 1:6-19; Deut. 4:32[76]; Ps. 19:6[77]).
3. Only God is eternal and infinite (Gen. 21:33[78]).
4. God’s creation, in contrast with His infinite person, is finite (Ps. 90:2[79]).
5. God will destroy the present heaven and earth and will create the new heaven and earth (Isa. 65:17[80]; II Pet. 3:10-13[81]; Rev. 21:1[82]).
6. All that is “above the heaven(s)” (Ps. 8:1[83], 57:5[84], 11; Eph. 4:10[85]) is God Himself.
Biblical Passages Supporting Geocentrism
Several major passages that deal with cosmology are clearly Geocentric (Gen. 1:1-19; Josh. 10:12-13[86]; Ps. 19:4-6[87]; Eccl. 1:5-8[88]; Isa. 38:8[89]), many minor passages support Geocentricity (Ps. 50:1[90], 93:1[91]; Job 22:14[92]), and other verses express the limits of man’s knowledge about the physics of the cosmos (Job 38:33[93]; Jer. 31:37[94]). Heliocentric Creationists who honor God’s Word must respond seriously and scripturally to these passages.
Major Cosmological Passages Teaching Geocentricity
Genesis 1:1-19
Moses uses very simple yet specific terms to describe the initial creation “in the beginning” of the heaven and earth[95] to his Jewish audience. Before creation, the Triune God (Jn. 1:1-3[96]; Ps. 104:30[97]; I Jn. 5:7[98]) was all there was. Nothing else existed (Prov. 8:22[99] ff.) before creation including time, space, heaven, etc. (I Ki. 8:27[100]; Ps. 90:2[101]).
Moses’ description of divine activity moves the reader toward the creation of the earth (Gen. 1:2 ff.) and its suitability for man’s habitation (vv. 3-31; cf. Isa. 45:18[102]), and the creation of heaven (v. 6). The first verse is the introduction[103] and 2:1 is the conclusion of this literary inclusio structured by Moses under inspiration (II Pet. 1:21[104]). The details of this inclusio are recorded in vv. 1:2-31, beginning with the creation of the earth followed by the creation of the heavens from the initial mass of water.
Moses succinctly states that God[105] created heaven and earth. The plural noun for God allows for the Trinity doctrine to be developed (Isa. 48:16-17[106]; I Jn. 5:7[107]) and the dual noun for heaven(s) demands that the two physical heavens[108] which this context shows (vv. 6-8, 15-17, 20) to be understood in this cosmological passage.
The Lord God, through the human writer, records the initial day of Creation (vv. 2-5). Moses moves the revelatory narrative immediately to focus upon the earth, causing the reader to recognize the centrality of the earth in God’s creative plan. Moses uses three clauses to describe the conditions needing God’s creative action. First, the earth “was without form and void,” indicating its futile barrenness. Its lack of form does not refer to the lack of a geometrical shape because the Bible indicates that the earth is a sphere (Isa. 40:22[109]; Prov. 8:27[110]).[111]
On Day One the earth was un-inhabitable and lifeless. The second clause states that “darkness was upon the face of the deep,” the waters which were upon the earth (Ps. 104:6[112]). The third clause parallels the waters with the deep and contrasts the Spirit of God with the darkness.
God created the waters with the associated darkness as His un-furbished earth. God’s corrective for the darkness was the creation of light which came from the Spirit of God (Isa. 45:7[113]; Ps. 104:2[114]) Who “moved” upon the face of the waters. The Lord’s creative fiat “let there be…and there was” produced the light.
This light, distinct from sunlight, moonlight and starlight (vv. 15-18), is the light to which Solomon refers, stating “While the sun, or the light, or the moon, or the stars, be not darkened…” (Eccl. 12:2[115]; cf. I Cor. 15:41[116]). This created and good light was the first of three divisions during the first three days (vv. 6, 9). God divided the light from the darkness and named them both, indicating His creative and authoritative power over them.
He defined the Day and Night by movement of the light from the Spirit on the dark earth, bringing on opposite sides of the earth the presence or absence of light. Since the Lord God created darkness first, the light presumably came twelve hours later (Jn. 11:9[117]) to dispel the evening and bring in the light of the morning, producing the first day.[118]
At the end of Day One all that God had created was the mass of darkened water, with the light moving around it (presumably from east to west). This movement initiated time, making the creation of time earth-centric, and therefore all time is “earth-time.” There was no heaven, and the earth had no relationship with the yet-to-be-created sun, moon or stars. God’s creation was exclusively Geocentric.
On Day Two (vv. 6-8), Jehovah made His second division which was spatial. He divided the waters of the watery sphere with the firmament. The waters under the firmament constituted the earth (vv. 9-10) and the waters above constituted the edge of the outer limits of the firmament (Ps. 148:4[119]). This firmament, named heaven, came into existence the second day. Its parameters include the earth (below) and the earth water (above).
The word “firmament” comes from the Latin word firmamentum. The “emptiness” of space is substance and has had substance since it was created. The Biblical writers used it for spreading out silver (Jer. 10:9[120]) or of gold (Isa. 40:19[121]) as beaten metal. Elihu likened the firmament to a strong, molten looking glass (Job 37:18[122]) which suggests the reflective powers of the outer layer of water over the heaven.
The waters above the firmament are as the “sea of glass like unto crystal” before the Lord’s throne (Rev. 4:6[123]) in the third heaven (Ps. 11:4[124]), “above the firmament” (Ezk. 1:22-26). Days four and five show the firmament holding the realm of the heavens with the sun, moon, and stars (14-18), and the atmosphere (v. 20) where the fowl fly.[125]
The Scripture records that the Lord not only covered Himself “with light as with a garment” but also “stretchest out the heavens like a curtain” (Ps. 104:2[126]). This stretching out occurred on Day Two as Jehovah created the heavens and then stretched them between the waters beneath and the waters above (Gen. 1:7[127]).
Several passages link this stretching out with the creation week. For instance, Isaiah asserted the truth of the creation week activity of Jehovah to the nations (Isa. 40:12-22), declaring “It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in” (v. 22; vide Job 9:8[128], 26:7,[129] 37:18[130];[131] II Sam. 22:18[132]; Ps. 18:9[133], 144:5[134]; Isa. 42:5, 12[135], 44:24[136]; 48:13;[137] 51:13[138]; Jer. 10:12[139], 51:15[140]; Ezk. 1:22[141]).
Since the Lord had provided the light during Day One and the light continued in Day Two during which He created the heavens and stretched them out, presumably the light was affected by this stretching out process. If light is “stretched” as it moves through the stretched heavens, then there may not be any constant for the speed of light. Evidence that light speed varies is on page 23. The heavens cannot be measured without a constant speed of light, just as Jehovah God said:
Thus saith the LORD, which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; The LORD of hosts is his name: If those ordinances depart from before me, saith the LORD, then the seed of Israel also shall cease from being a nation before me for ever. Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD (Jeremiah. 31:35-37).[142]
Moses records the conclusion of Day Two with the familiar refrain “and the evening and the morning” were the second day. The light source was the same Spirit Who moved around the earth creating the effect of night replaced by day. The earth is the fixed focal point around which all cosmic movement revolves (Ps. 50:1[143]).
Isaiah agrees with Jn. 3:16 in saying that the earth is special to God:
Thus saith the LORD, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool: where is the house that ye build unto me? and where is the place of my rest? Isaiah 66:1
At the end of Day Two, God had separated the earth’s waters with the firmament between the water below and the waters above. The movement of light necessary to establish Day Two was relative to the fixed, Geocentric earth. Earth was the center of the heavens and had no relationship with the not-yet-created sun, moon, or stars.
Day Three concludes the first half of the creation week with the third division. The Lord separated the waters on earth from “the dry land” and named the waters Seas and the landmass Earth. Solomon refers to the boundaries of God’s created seas and land, stating, “When he gave to the sea his decree, that the waters should not pass his commandment: when he appointed the foundations of the earth” (Pr. 8:29[144]).
The Lord declared that the land and seas were good. The second creative act on Day three was the creation of life-bearing vegetation. This is the first example of indirect creation wherein the Lord created vegetation through the life-bearing earth. The vegetation included plants and trees with seeds. The light from the Spirit of God, moving around the stationary earth, was sufficient for the growth of this vegetation prior to the creation of the sun on Day Four.
The Lord set boundaries for the vegetation to produce “after his kind” (Gen. 1:21[145], 24-25[146], 6:20[147], 7:14[148]). Through Day Three, the Lord had created enough to turn the formless (“watery wasteland”) earth into something livable. At the end of Day Three, which was still based on the time reference of night and day, evening and morning, and was produced by the moving light from the Spirit of God, the earth was a fixed, livable sphere, with no relationship to the coming sun, moon, or stars.
On Day Four (vv. 14-19), Moses introduces the creative activity with the divine fiat “Let there be lights . . .” The fourth day begins the second series of days and is the middle day of the first week. This second series gives the divine remedy for the formless earth. Not only did God make the earth livable but also He now gives it living creatures.
Day Four parallels Day One with regard to the creation of light. On the first day, God created light that emanated from the Spirit of God, and on the fourth day He created the two great light-bearers. There are at least four reasons that the creative activity of the fourth day denies any notion of Heliocentricity:
First, the creation formula “let there be… and there was” demands that the two great light-bearers were created on Day Four, and had not been hidden since Day One.
Second, there was no heaven on Day One for the placement of the two great light bearers.
Third, since time was determined by the movement of light around the earth, Biblical hermeneutics demands that time still be determined by the movement of light, whatever its source, around the earth.
Fourth, if the earth began to orbit the sun, this passage fails to indicate that teaching, and it fails to record any change from a Geocentric to a Heliocentric creation.[149]
God placed the sun, moon, and stars “in the firmament” of heaven on Day Four. Moses uses this expression three times (vv. 14, 15, and 17) to emphasize the divine placement and celestial location of His light bearers. The Lord revealed the three-fold purpose of the light-bearers (vv. 17-18) “to give light,” “to rule,” and “to divide.”
The narrative repeats the purposes of the celestial lights, all of which are for the benefit of the earth. The earth needs physical enlightening, celestial governing, and temporal dividing. Moses gives four functions for the temporal separation that the celestial light-bearers provide. Their functions are “for signs,” “for seasons,” “for days,” and for “years.”
Because of Moses’ linguistic de-emphasis on “the stars,” the divine account indicates they are relatively insignificant in God’s overall redemptive plan for earth (Mt. 19:28[150]) and mankind (Jn. 3:16[151]). The movement of light on the earth, now from new sources, the sun, moon, and the stars, constituted Day Four. The celestial light-bearers, primarily the greater light and lesser light, limit the darkness of earth, dispelling the evening and giving morning throughout the world.
The divine account of the creation of the heaven and earth through the first four days teaches an exclusively Geocentric perspective. The Lord God, outside of His created heaven and earth, has spoken authoritatively about His creation of a Geocentric universe (the heaven and earth). He made the earth into a livable and living world for His special redemptive purposes.
On Day One, He created the earth as a darkened sphere of water and commenced time with light moving across the face of the earth. On Day Two He created the Heavens which separated the earth’s upper waters from the earth’s lower waters. On Day Three, He separated the land from the seas and created life-bearing vegetation. On Day Four, He placed the light-bearers in the firmament to benefit the Geocentric earth.
Day Five records the creation of animal life and Day Six focuses on the creation of man imago Dei. Never once does the Scripture state that the earth rotated relative to the sun, moon, stars or firmament. Never once does the Bible teach that the earth was placed in the heavens to have motional interaction with the sun, moon, or stars. The fixed location described by all cosmological passages in Scripture teaches exclusively and consistently the Geocentric cosmology of a stationary earth and a revolving firmament with sun, moon, and stars.
Joshua 10:12-14[152]
Joshua’s conquest of Southern Canaan required defeating the Amorites before they retreated to their walled cities (v. 20[153]). He needed more daylight to rout them completely. Joshua’s prayer of faith and the Lord’s amazing response are stupendous, and require the reader to agree with the narrator that this was a unique day (v. 14), see page 91.
Verse 12 gives Joshua’s prayer from his vantage point. Joshua was on earth and it certainly looked like the sun and moon moved relative to the earth. His reference to the moon indicates at least two significant truths concerning the cosmos. First, the moon, along with the sun, is a light-bearer (Gen. 1:14[154]), and this biblical fact supports the interpretation that Joshua needed more light, and not less heat. Second, since the interpretation of Gen. 1:1-19 demands that the heaven, with the sun, moon, and stars, revolve around the earth, this geocentric fact supports the interpretation that the miracle affected the whole revolving heaven which houses the sun and moon (Ps. 19:4[155]).[156]
This narrative records God’s declaration that the sun “stood still” and the moon “stayed.” This lack of movement of the sun and moon with reference to the earth was emphasized a second time, as God stated that this miracle was recorded in the Book of Jasher.[157]
Then the Lord, for the third time, stated emphatically that the sun “stood still” in the midst of heaven, and that it hastened not to go down. The Lord God spoke authoritatively that the sun slowed or stopped, literally “the sun did not hasten to go,” in its respective motion relative to the stationary earth. From Joshua’s perspective it looked like the sun and moon moved, phenomenally, and he wanted them to stop.
From God’s perspective the sun and moon did move, absolutely, and He stopped them. Neither Joshua nor the Lord ever said that the earth stopped rotating. The Lord’s word is very clear in this cosmological passage that God made a Geocentric creation.
Psalm 19:4-6[158]
The psalmist David structured this psalm around the proclamation of nature (vv. 1-6), the proclamation of the Law (vv. 7-10), and finally the desired proclamation of the psalmist (v. 14[159]). In order that the Creationist’s words and meditations “be acceptable” in the Lord’s sight, he must say and think what God has revealed through nature and Scripture. This psalm declares what God has revealed about His Geocentric creation.
In verse 1[160], David equated the heavens with the firmament following the Mosaic cosmological revelation in Gen. 1:8[161]. According to verses 4-6, the most significant object of the Lord’s creation in the firmament is the sun upon which David focused his interest.
The psalmist used four descriptive terms to refer to the movement of the sun. God has “set” a tabernacle in the firmament for the sun. This bright orb, “comes out” as a bridegroom leaves his nuptial chamber, rejoices as a strong man does “to run” his race, and “goes forth” throughout its complete circuit (“and his circuit) to the ends of heaven.[162]
David used similes to compare the sun’s Sisyphean movement with natural activities. Poetic figures of speech are based on actual realities such as a bridegroom leaving his nuptial chambers and a racer running around his race track.
The sun is compared to these things because they both move. David’s Geocentric cosmology is absolute and not phenomenal. It accords with other Scriptures that teach that the earth is stationary and the center of a revolving firmament containing the moving sun.
Ecclesiastes 1:5-8[163]
Solomon used one historical observation and three natural phenomena to teach the futility of the cycles of life without God (12:13-14[164]). Solomon’s perspective is Geocentric, or “under the sun” (v. 3). Generations “passeth away” and “cometh” but the earth stands forever.
In the ebb and flow of human history, one truth is certain according to the Preacher, the earth “abideth” (literally “continues standing still”). Solomon uses “going,” “coming,” and “standing” to emphasize the unmoving stability of the earth relative to the cycles of human history.
Solomon, the wisest man other than Jesus Christ, revealed truth both as a historian and a scientist under the process of inspiration. He recorded three natural phenomena that move incessantly relative to a stationary earth to express his spiritual point of the futility of life without God. First, relative to a stationary earth, the sun “riseth,” “goeth down,” and “hasteth” to where it “arose”. The human author describes the movement of the sun around the standing, stationary earth.
Second, the jet stream has its incessant currents, from south to north[165] and back again, describing the motion of the wind relative to the stationary earth. The wind “goeth,” “turneth about,” “whirleth about continually,” and “returneth.”
Third, the continual flow of water currents (and subsequent evaporation) upon a stationary earth depict Solomon’s message of truth. The author designated the three participles “run,” “come,” and “return” and one infinitive construct (literally “to flow”) to describe the moving waters relative to the fixed earth.
Solomon’s description of the vanity of the futile cycles of life shows human history and natural phenomena moving continually around the stationary, standing earth.
Isaiah 38:8[166] (II Kings 20:9-11[167])
The prophet Isaiah recorded (8:1; 30:8; 34:16; 40:8) the impending death of Hezekiah (v. 1), his subsequent supplication to the Lord (vv. 2-3), and the Lord’s supernatural intervention accompanied with a sign (vv. 5-8). The Lord God’s sign to Hezekiah was that the sun’s shadow on Ahaz’s sun dial would go ten “degrees”[168] backward rather than the normal ten degrees forward. The Lord confirmed His promise of adding fifteen years (v. 5) to the king’s life with the miracle[169] of the sun returning ten degrees. II Kings added another verb “go” and an infinitive construct “to go down” to indicate further motion on the part of the sun (II Kings 20:9-10[170]; Isaiah 38:8[171]).
Scripture indicates by inference (the shadow) and by declaration (the sun) that the sun’s movement relative to the stationary earth was reversed. All movement in this miracle was by the sun and, not by the earth, confirming the geocentric universe.
Minor Cosmological Passages Confirming Geocentricity
Psalm 50:1[172]
This psalm records Jehovah’s summons for His creation to hear the indictment on His people for their hypocrisy (vv. 7-13). God reveals that the earth is stationary relative to the moving sun, which rises and goes down. The sun’s movement relative to the earth accords with Gen. 1:1-19 and other cosmological passages.
Psalm 93:1-4[173]
The psalmist declares that Jehovah is the absolute, established, fixed sovereign of creation Who is over all uprisings, natural or human (v.4). The psalmist reveals (vv. 3 then 2) that just as God’s throne “is established” so the world “is stablished, that it cannot be moved.” All three of these verbs in the construction are passive, indicating God’s action relative to the objects. In other words, the Lord God has created His throne and world so that they will not move but will be stationary.
Job 22:14[174]
Eliphaz, in falsely accusing Job of sin, declared that God walked in “the circuit of heaven” [175]). According to Scripture, the heavens (both the atmospheric and the stellar heavens) have a circuit, and the sun has a circuit (Ps. 19:4-6[176]), but nowhere does the Bible teach that earth has a circuit. The circuit of the heavens and of the sun is around the earth.
The Movement of the Earth because of Judgment
Job 38:14[177]
This is one of several passages that speak of God’s judgmental movement of the earth. The divine judgment on man will occur during the Tribulation period following the rapture of those in Christ (I Thess. 4:16-17[178]; Rev. 3:10[179]). In the specific passage at hand, the Lord alludes to something occurring to the earth when he deals with the wicked (vv. 13, 15). The subject of the verb “it is turned” is the earth. Although this cryptic analogy with the clay and seal may be difficult to comprehend, any movement of the earth is in God’s judgment on man, and certainly not about the earth’s rotation upon its axis or revolution around the sun.
Isaiah 13:13[180]
In Isaiah’s section on the burden of the nations, the prophet predicts the Lord’s Tribulation judgments on the nations (Isa. 13-23). During the judgment aspect of the Day of the Lord,[181] Jehovah will “shake” the heavens and “remove” the earth “out of her place[182]”.
This shaking of the cosmos (Rev. 6:12-17) will no doubt traumatize the inhabitants of the earth to the extent that some will repent and trust in the Lord (Rev. 7:9-14). Not only will the earth be removed out of her place by violent shaking (i.e., a worldwide earthquake), but the sun will cease shining in its “going forth” through its circuit around the quaking earth (v. 10[183]). The movement in the cosmos during the Tribulation will include the shaking of the earth in its center location and the shaking of the sun in its darkened revolution around the earth.
Isaiah 24:19-20[184]
This is another Tribulation passage that is universal in scope (vv. 1[185], 4-6[186], 17-21). The Lord declares that He will severely break, dissolve, and move the earth (v. 19). The movement of the earth is likened to that of a drunkard (v. 20) who “shall reel to and fro.” These verses are consistent with other passages that teach the earth is fixed. The only movement of the earth is that of earth quakes (Rev. 6:12[187], 11:13[188]) which shake it. This does not describe the earth moving in rotation around its own axis or around the sun in its revolution. These verses teach that the stationary earth will be shaken during the Tribulation in judgment; they do not argue for Heliocentricity.
Limitations of man’s knowledge
There are several passages that teach that man’s knowledge of the physical world is limited and that the only absolute physical knowledge man may obtain is from God’s revelation in Scripture. This truth forces man to subjugate all knowledge to the Bible. No Christian should say that the Bible cannot be correct at this point with regard to science merely because science teaches something contrary.
Job 38:33[189]
The Lord God asked Job a series of questions about His physical creation to humble this righteous man (1:1[190], 2:3[191]) who was becoming proud in his unjust suffering (40:8[192]). Job could not answer any. His ignorance of physical realities proved that he was ignorant of the realities of the spiritual realm, and that he needed to repent (42:6[193]). The Lord’s single question had two parts: did Job know “the ordinances of heaven” and could their “dominion” be established on earth?
“Ordinances” refers to statutes like the Passover laws [Ex. 13:10[194]] and is plural like the dual noun “heaven.” The Creator humbled Job by asking him if he knew what the laws of the two heavens were, and if they applied to the earth. We cannot understand God’s physical creation without revelation through Scriptures.
Jeremiah 31:37[195]
The Lord’s conditional declaration to cast off Israel for their sin “if” heaven could be “measured” and the earth’s foundation “searched out” challenges human understanding. This verse teaches that the first two heavens can be measured (and therefore they are not infinite) and the foundations of the earth can be searched out, but not by man.
The subject of “measured” is man who is limited in measuring something that is finite (Jer. 33:22[196]). The verb for “searched out” refers to the inability of man to explore (I Kings 7:47[197]) “the foundations” of the earth. Man is limited in measuring the heavens and earth. Pride causes man to look everywhere for knowledge except to Scripture. Without biblical revelation, man is ignorant of God’s creation.
Conclusion
The Bible shows the Lord God as a Geocentrist because His creation, as described in His word, is Geocentric. This essay has examined the text in five key cosmological passages (Gen. 1:1-19; Josh 10:12-13[198]; Eccl. 1:5-8[199]; Ps. 19:4-6[200]; Jer. 31:37) and three minor passages (Ps. 50:1[201]; 93:1[202], Job 22:14[203]), Showing that God describes the fixed, stationary, and centered earth with the revolving sun, moon, stars and heavens.
The only movement earth should ever experience will be God’s Tribulation judgment of His shaking it with earthquakes (Job 38:14[204]; Isa. 13:13[205]; 24:19-20[206]).
God’s Word also declares the limitations of man’s understanding of God’s physical creation without biblical revelation (Job 38:33[207] and Jer. 31:37[208]). All creationists should be committed to teaching “all the counsel of God” (Acts 20:27[209]).
Parallax and the Book of James
“Solar parallax” refers the sun's apparent shift when viewed from two different vantage points.[210] An astronomical definition of parallax is the “apparent displacement of an object due to a motion of the observer.”[211]
When one puts his thumb over a distant object with one eye closed and then the other, the thumb blocks the view of the object and shows the object when viewed by the other eye. Parallax produces angles from which distances can be calculated by using the trigonometric parallax method, or triangulation.
The sun's parallax gives astronomers the distance from earth to the sun and establishes the Astronomical Unit (AU).[212] Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC) estimated the sun's distance through the moon's phases, concluding that the sun was about twenty times as far from the earth as the moon. He believed that the earth rotated upon its axis and revolved around the stationary sun.
Hipparchus (c. 160-127 BC) and Ptolemy (2nd century BC) estimated the distance of the moon from the earth through the use of eclipses. They rejected the idea that the earth orbited the sun.
Limitations on geometric triangulation were the major problem in determining the distances of astral objects. The base for their triangle was the diameter of the earth, about 8,000 miles. Because of the distance even to the moon, the triangle was “long and skinny.”
Two of the angles of the triangle are almost 90 degrees, producing nearly parallel sides. The truth of Jeremiah's prophecy that the heavens could not be measured held firm (Jer. 31:37[213]). Until the Reformation in the 16th century, astronomers accepted their mathematical limitations and Christians were satisfied with biblical geocentricity.
The Need and Result of Solar Parallax
Worship of Sol Invictus, the Roman sun god, prepared the way for heliocentricity,[214] which blossomed by the work of Copernicus (AD 1473-1543), Kepler (1571-1630), and Galileo (1564-1642). Copernicus, greatly influenced by Greek philosophy and astronomy, rejected the geocentrism of the Bible and described a heliocentric theory in his book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543).
Kepler tried to calculate the parallax of Mars, which is far closer than the sun, to measure the sun's distance (1600). Galileo popularized Copernicanism in his Dialogo dei Due Massimi Sistemi in 1632. Later astronomers attempted to refine the sun's parallax by observing the transits of the planets Mercury and Venus across the sun's disc.
Heliocentricity says that the earth revolves around the sun yearly in an orbit having a diameter of 186,000,000 miles. This anti-biblical assumption gave new momentum to triangulation for distances because the base line was no longer the earth's diameter of 8,000 miles but its orbit of 186,000,000 miles.
The assumption of heliocentricity expanded the distances of the stars by the factor of 23,500.[215] Friedrich W. Bessel employed this new perspective and measured the parallax of the star 61 Cygni, concluding that it was more than 10 light years from the earth in 1838.[216] Dividing this by 23,500 gives 2.5 billion miles which is not nearly as far.
His work became foundational for measuring the heavens and led to other speculative alternatives of astrometrics.[217] Although evolutionary astronomers considered Bessel's detection of stellar parallax the coup de grace for geocentricity, James discussed the reality of solar parallax about eighteen centuries earlier (Jam. 1:17[218]). The simple and biblical fact is that although their paths around the earth change during the year to create seasons (Gen. 1:14[219]), the stars move diurnally with the sun within the firmament that rotates relative to the stationary earth.
Distances exaggerated by a factor of 23,500 times based on heliocentric assumptions go hand in hand (Pr. 11:21a[220]) with the near infinite age of the heavens at fifteen billion years. Evolutionary “science,” in rejecting biblical revelation, can neither measure the vastness of the heavens, nor comprehend the newness of the Lord's creation.
In contrast, the Bible teaches that the immeasurable heavens are confined within the water above the firmament (Gen. 1:1-18; Ps. 148:4[221]) and were created a mere 6,000 years ago (Gen. 5, 10-11; Mt. 1:17[222]; Jude 1:14[223]). For instance, Eliphaz made the inspired observation, stating “Is not God in the height of heaven? And behold the height of the stars, how high they are!” (Job. 22:12). David told the truth about vast distances within the heavens, stating, “for as the heaven is high above the earth, so great is his mercy toward them that fear him” (Ps. 103:11).[224]
Jeremiah 31:37
Atheistic evolutionists rejected Scriptures to build a system of “science falsely so called” (I Tim. 6:20[225]). Creationists who have accepted the heliocentric model accept some of the myths of evolutionists. For instance, creationist Steidl in describing stellar parallax, asserts,
By measuring the amount the star appears to shift, and knowing the size of the earth's orbit, one can use trigonometry to find the distance to that star. The distance of stars out to about 300 light years is measurable in this way. This is only a fraction of the size of our galaxy, the Milky Way, let alone the rest of the universe…It is easy to see that with all the assumptions which must be made, and the statistical manipulations which must be carried out, there will be large uncertainties in the distances of extremely distant objects. In fact, the cosmic distance scale is admittedly unreliable.[226]
In following evolutionary assumptions, Steidl bases the “local” stellar distances on the earth having an 186,000,000-mile orbit around the sun. He adds that beyond the trigonometric calculations of close stars, other methods, based on heliocentric and evolutionary assumptions, produce greater distances. However, to a Christian who believes in biblical geocentricity and rejects the notion that the earth has an orbit, triangulation cannot accurately and absolutely be calculated for the sun's parallax, and consequently stellar distances cannot be measured with reasonable accuracy or biblical authority. Of course, the Lord Jesus Christ created the heavens and earth with these physical and mathematical constraints, allowing Him to make the challenge to mankind:
Thus saith the LORD, which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; The LORD of hosts is his name: 36If those ordinances depart from before me, saith the LORD, then the seed of Israel also shall cease from being a nation before me for ever. 37Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD. Jeremiah 31:35-37
During the creation week the Lord Jesus Christ (Col. 1:16[227]) placed the sun, moon and stars in the firmament for lights and established the regulation of the sea waves. These constants are part of His divine ordinances which our Lord has declared will not change. Jehovah asserted His immutability of purpose with regard to fulfilling the New Covenant promises to Israel (vv. 31-34), challenging mankind with the impossible task of measuring heavens or the foundations of the earth.
The Lord's challenging statement “If heaven above can be measured…I will also cast off” reveals several truths.
1. The expression represents the classic construction for a contingency.
2. Heaven is a dual noun referring to both the atmosphere and the stellar outer space.
3. The verb “can be measured” is the imperfect, third person plural.
The Authorized Version translates this verb as “measure,” “mete out,” “mete,” or “stretched” fifty-one times in the OT.
The verb madad refers to the physically measuring an object. Boaz “measured (madad) six measures of barley” for Ruth to carry to Naomi (Ruth 3:15[228]). Ezekiel predicted that the Millennial Temple would be built on accurate measurements, using the verb madad thirty-three times for measuring the Temple (Ezk. 40-47).
Man does not have the mathematical or physical ability to measure stellar distances accurately, so the Lord assured the immutable promise of the New Covenant. God has determined that man never has, cannot now, and never will measure the heavens accurately and absolutely.
4. Christians are left with the divine revelation of the Scriptures (II Tim. 3:16-17[229]) that reveals both the vastness of God's creation and its immeasureableness.
Jeremiah declared that man can not measure the heavens.
5. Evolutionary schemes and theories cannot satisfy the Christian because they are based on the satanic lies of the Garden and result in myths (Gen. 3:4-5[230]).[231]
Christians must rejoice in the full extent of truth that the Lord God has determined to give through His Scriptures.
Planets, Lights, and Tropics
The Planets
“Planet” refers to an astral object that wanders through its orbit. The Lord placed the sun and planets in the firmament. The earth, however, is distinct from the heavens (i.e., firmament) and was never placed in the heavens (Gen. 1:1-19).[232]
The earth is not a planet but evolutionists have imposed this anti-biblical teaching on the western world.[233] The closest the Bible comes to referring to a planet is Jude's reference (1:13[234]) to likening apostates to “wandering stars” and as objects of idolatry (2 Ki. 23:5[235]).
The Lord surely does not place any importance on planets other than to give a spiritual warning to avoid apostasy by straying from revealed truth.[236] Christians should give no thought to whether planets will give further knowledge about the origin and purpose of the heavens.[237] When a man contemplates planets, his concern should be whether he would be likened to a “wandering star.”
The Lights
James asserted that God was the Father of Lights, corroborating other Scripture (Isa. 45:7[238]). As the Father, He created light by giving the divine fiat “Let there be light” on Day One (Gen. 1:3[239]) as He spoke His creation into existence (Heb. 11:3[240]).
The psalmist revealed that Jehovah covered Himself “with light as with a garment” (Ps. 104:2[241]) and moved upon the face of the earth as the original light source (Gen. 1:3), dispelling darkness with light.
This was the morning light (I Sam. 14:36[242]; 25:22[243], 34, 36; 29:10[244]; II Sam. 17:22; 23:4; II Kings 7:9; Isa. 58:8[245]; Mi. 2:1[246]) of the first day and the first of the created lights. Solomon referred to “the sun, or the light, or the moon, or the stars” (Eccl. 12:2),[247] all of which have separate glories (I Cor. 15:41[248]). Later, on the fourth day, the sun, moon, and stars also contributed as moving light sources for the heavens.
The Tropical Latitudes
James wrote “shadow of turning” referring to a shadow caused by turning. As he used other astronomical terms to teach spiritual realities, it seems he was referring to the seasonal shadows cast by the sun in its annual orbit around the earth.
Since the axis of the stationary earth is absolutely north and south (Job 26:7[249]),[250] the sun's plane is not coincident with the earth's but is oblique by 23 1/2 degrees, causing shadows to be cast on the different hemispheres from the Poles to the Tropics. Only the area between the two Tropics,[251] including the equator, receives direct sunlight, especially twice a year when the sun is directly overhead on the equator.
On the summer solstice (June 22), the sun passes the zenith at its highest point on the Northern Hemisphere on the first day of shining directly and causing summer, while at the same time shining obliquely on the Southern Hemisphere causing winter. This is reversed six months later at the winter solstice (Dec. 22). The region from the equator to 23 1/2 degrees North latitude and from the equator to 23 1/2 degrees South latitude receives direct sunlight and is warm year around (i.e., tropical).
James wrote that it is nearly impossible to detect the sun's tropical movement on a daily basis as it moves around the earth and causes seasons. He compares the Lord's absolute immovability in relationship to His redemptive purposes with this almost indiscernible solar movement.
Conclusion
The inspired stepbrother of the Lord Jesus Christ wrote to Christian Jews scattered throughout the Mediterranean basin. As they underwent trials in the form of persecution, some of them concluded that God was tempting them to sin. James relieved them of that false notion by giving at least five reasons that God does not tempt man to sin.
These reasons centered on the holy nature of God, the old nature of man, the tendency for man to be deceived, the good nature of God, and the creative nature of God. In developing his arguments, James assumed the truths of biblical cosmology to advance his defense of the Lord's nature and person. These realities in nature include truth about the planets, lights, parallax, and tropics.
1. The planets, as wandering stars, illustrate apostates who deviate from the truth.
2. The Lord created the heavenly lights with their own glory.
3. James implied that the sun's apparent parallax is almost imperceptible, contrasting the absolute immovability of the Lord God with this slight parallactical angle.
4. To emphasize the Lord's absolute unchanging promises, James declared that Jehovah did not move or turn, unlike the imperceptible seasonal movement of the sun relative to the Tropic latitudes.
The Lord Jesus Christ created the heavens and earth and revealed within His Scriptures the limits of what man may know absolutely about physical phenomena. The creation has built-in limitations so that neither evolutionist nor creationist can measure the heavens accurately and absolutely, just as Jeremiah predicted.
All the Christian can know or needs to know is that the lights are in subjection to God the Father, the sun has parallax, and it has tropical movement around the earth. The evolutionist can only speculate about the heavens and posit anti-biblical myths. The Christian knows absolutely, “The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork” (Ps. 19:1).
The Michelson-Morley Experiment (MME)
The MME showed in 1881 that the earth was the center of the universe. The effect on the scientific establishment is easier to understand than the physics so it’s discussed first.
The problem which now faced science was considerable. For there seemed to be only three alternatives. The first was that the Earth was standing still, which meant scuttling the whole Copernican theory and was unthinkable.[252] [emphasis added]
One author wrote:
The data [of the interferometers] were almost unbelievable… There was only one other possible conclusion to draw – that the Earth was at rest. This, of course, was preposterous.[253]
Geocentric explanations of the data were simpler than Prof. Lewontin’s “unsubstituted just so stories” on page 20 but were unacceptable. God lets scientists discover facts that support His Word while letting them choose to scorn the Bible instead of believing.
We can understand why scientists wouldn’t accept geocentricity. This was the time of Newton, Maxwell, Dalton, Darwin and many heroes of science. If Copernicus was wrong, if science was wrong about such a foundational fact, how could scientists ever be trusted again?[254]
Only a fool could believe that the Earth was the center of the universe by chance. Scientists would have to admit that they’d been created by God and yield power back to the Bible’s focus on geocentricity. This would also question Darwinian evolution that was just taking hold.
The MME put the entire structure of scientific thought in question. Who would define truth and control what would be taught? Would it be the Church teaching faith in the Bible or atheistic science?
Swimming Across a River and Back Vs. Downstream and Back
Scientists thought that light waves traveled through a medium called the “Luminiferous ether” that filled all of space. This was the scientific name for the firmament God wrapped around the earth (Gen. 1:6-8[255]). Light waves traveled in it and the stars, planets, and the earth move freely through it as fish move through water and birds move through the air.
Swimming in rivers explains how light moved in the ether. Consider swimming at 5 MPH back and forth across a mile-wide river that isn’t moving. Swimming 2 miles at 5 MPH takes 2/5 of an hour or 24 minutes.
Suppose the river flows at 3 MPH. Swimming directly across takes 1/5 of an hour or 12 minutes but the water flowing at 3 MPH carries the swimmer 1/5 of 3 miles downstream. The swimmer must now swim that far upstream at 2 MPH, that is, swimming 5 MPH upstream as the river flows against the swimmer at 3 MPH. Going 3/5 of a mile upstream at 2 MPH takes 3/10 of an hour or 18 minutes. The total time is 18+12 or 30 minutes. Swimming 2 miles across the river and back moves at 4 MPH.
The swimmer
must aim upstream to go straight across. The speed across the river is 4 MPH.
It takes ¼ hour to swim across and ¼ hour to swim back. Total trip time of ½
hour or 30 minutes for the two miles.
Suppose the swimmer swims a mile downstream and a mile back. The river adds speed going downstream. It takes 1/8 of an hour to swim one mile downstream at 8 MPH. The river subtracts going upstream so it takes ½ hour to swim the mile back upstream at 2 MPH. Roundtrip time down and back is 5/8 of an hour or 37 minutes so this round trip takes longer. Going across the flow and back takes less time than going with the flow and coming back against the flow.
The times can be equal only if the water isn’t moving. That was the thinking behind the MME. The experiment compared a light beam going across the ether flow and back compared with another bean going with the flow and coming back against it. The time difference would show that the earth moved through the ether and tell how fast it moved.
The Motion of the Earth Through the Ether
Scientists believed that the sun moved in the ether and the earth orbited the sun. The earth moved through the ether at different speeds at different places in its orbit around the sun. Morley wanted “to see if light travels with the same velocity in all directions”[256] as the earth moved.
Ether flow across an instrument on the earth would change the round trip time for a light beam to go to a mirror and back to the source.
The swimming illustration shows how the earth’s movement through the ether changed the speed of light beams moving back and forth across the ether flow or moving with it and then against it. The MME instrument split a light beam into two beams travelling at right angles to each other like one swimmer going upstream and downstream while the other went across and back.
The detector showed
bands of strong and weak light when the light beams interfered with each other
after their roundtrip.
The MME was like the river and the swimmers except that they didn’t know which direction the earth moved in the ether. This would be like doing the swimming experiment from a boat in the middle of the river in the dark when you can’t see which way the water’s moving or whether it moves at all.
You send one swimmer north-south, send the other east-west, and compare the times. You send one a bit east of north and the other a bit north of west and compare the times. By seeing how the times differ for each direction, you can figure out which direction the water flows and how fast. This would tell how fast the earth was moving through the ether. If travel times are always the same no matter which direction they aim the beams, the earth isn’t moving through the ether.
They rotated the MME instrument so the north-south beam was now east-west and the east-west beam was now north-south. They watched the interference patterns as the table rotated. The east-west beam showed no speed changes when rotated to be north-south. The table wasn’t moving through the ether so the earth wasn’t moving in space.
The earth was the unmoving center of the universe as the Bible says.
Einstein argued that ether didn’t exist. He said that light always traveled at the same speed as a stream of photons through empty space where waves can’t travel. Light traveled as waves in the air where its speed was changed by whatever it traveled in.
Einstein had been concerned about earlier experiments:
Prof. Einstein volunteered a rather strong statement that he had been more influenced by the Fizeau experiment (page 71) on the effect of moving water on the speed of light, and by astronomical aberration, especially Airy’s observations (page 70) with a water-filled telescope, than by the Michelson-Morley experiment.[257]
These experiments had put the earth at the center. The MME tried to show that it wasn’t, but ended up confirming geocentrism. As Lorentz put it, “Briefly, everything occurs as if the Earth were at rest…”[258]
The MME repeated Michaelson’s 1881 work hoping that a better instrument would show an unmoving earth. Scientists hid the fact that the MME showed geocentricity. Some Christians must have seen this, but having accepted the moving earth heresy during the 270 years since Galileo saw Jupiter’s moons, they didn’t proclaim proof of Bible truth.
Einstein, Copernicus’ Savior
Einstein knew of “unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the Earth.” He wanted a heliocentric reason for the MME and experiments described on page 70 which showed that the earth was motionless. He wrote in 1921 that his theory of Relativity “is not speculative in origin; it owes its invention entirely to the desire to make physical theory fit observed fact as well as possible.”[259] [emphasis added]
He meant that geocentricity was the obvious theory to fit the observed facts. He needed a plausible theory that explained away data which shrieked of an immovable earth so he could say the earth moves.
Sound waves can’t travel in a vacuum. The ether was assumed because it was thought that light waves needed something to travel in.
Light can also act like a stream of particles called “photons” which can travel in a vacuum.[260] Einstein said that space was empty so there was no ether for light waves to travel in. He said that light travels as fixed-speed photons through empty space and travels as waves through the atmosphere where its speed changes. God gave light two natures so scorners could justify not believing the evidence He offered them.
Einstein invented relativity to avoid the “unmoving earth.” The Times of London called his explanations “an affront to common sense.”[261] He said that moving objects got shorter and gained mass, moving clocks ran slower, gravity made space curve, time and space were one, and invented more of Prof. Lewontin’s counterintuitive just-so stories.
The MME didn’t show any time differences when the light beans traveled in different directions because the moving earth changed the size of the table just enough to make the travel times seem the same. In saving Copernicus, Einstein’s clocks running at different rates destroyed Newtonian ideas of absolute space and absolute time. Scientists eventually realized that their universe had no center, unlike God’s.
Scientists celebrated Einstein’s contortions of logic to keep from admitting they’d been wrong for six centuries about a basic Bible truth: the earth is so special to God that He created it first and wrapped the rest of the universe around it the next day as explained in Genesis 1. Christians should have shouted that the MME showed that the Bible spoke truth about the sun orbiting the unmoving earth.
Nevertheless when the Son of man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? Luke 18:8b
Do you trust science, falsely so called[262], or do you trust God’s Word?
Other Experiments That Confirmed the MME
Airy 1871 Light moves more slowly in water than in air. If the earth was moving, light from a star would fall at a different place when a telescope was filled with water. If the earth was stationary and the star was moving, light would fall at the same place in the telescope full of water.
Airy found that the water made no difference even though it slowed the light. That meant that the earth wasn’t moving. The experiment was called “Airy’s failure” because his data so strongly contradicted the universal assumption that the earth moved around the sun.
Fizeau 1884 tried to see if parts of the Luminiferous ether were dragged along by moving matter. This would hide the effect of light moving across or against the motion of light beams through the ether and would explain why the earth didn’t seem to be moving through the ether.
After repeating Fizeau’s 1884 experiment, Michelson and Morley said in 1886 that they had confirmed Fresnel’s formula: “the result of this work is therefore that the result announced by Fizeau is essentially correct: and that the luminiferous ether is entirely unaffected by the motion of the matter which it permeates.”[263] [emphasis in the original]
In 1902, W. M. Hicks analyzed the Michelson-Morley data and reported that it showed movement of the ether on the earth because the ether and the rest of the universe rotated around the stationary earth every 24 hours. This paper has been ignored by the scientific community.[264]
The Michelson-Morley experiment was designed to detect the relative motion of the Earth…by measuring the shifts of the fringes in an optical interferometer. These shifts…were found to be much smaller than expected….However…the fringe shifts observed by Michelson and Morley, …. were not negligibly small. This point was clearly expressed by Hicks: ‘…the numerical data published in the Michelson-Morley paper, instead of giving a null result, show a distinct evidence of an effect of the kind to be expected’ and also by Miller. In the latter case, Miller’s refined analysis …. and in the subsequent ones by Morley and Miller [1905], showed that all data were consistent with an effective, observable velocity lying in the range of 7-10 km/s. . . Our findings completely confirm Miller’s indication of an observable velocity vobs ~ 8.4 km/s in their data.”[265]
Hicks and Miller analyzed MME data to show ether wind as the universe rotates around the earth. Admitting that ether exists would undermine the theory of relativity, so these experiments are ignored.
Heliocentrists say relativistic effects are different in rotating systems. Unbelieving relativists control the funding, so it’s hard to find papers explaining these fatal defects in Einstein’s theory. See “The Tribulations of General Relativity with Respect to Rotation”[266] for an example.
In 1913, Georges Sagnac used a small version of the MME interferometer to show that the light beams did not travel at the same speeds going across the ether wind and going with it and against it. This showed that the ether existed and proved that the speed of light depended on the movement of the medium in which it traveled.[267] Since the speed of light is not fixed, it can’t be used to measure the universe.
This “Sagnac effect” is used to correct GPS. Maintaining accurate synchronization between satellites and ground signals requires correcting for the fact that the speed of light is not the same for all observers.
GPS disproves Einstein’s claim that the speed of light is constant for any observer. Changes in light speed depend on the direction the light moves. This shows that ether exists and that the earth moves relative to it just as swimmers going across a river and up and down at different rates for the same distance show that water moves. This disproved Einstein’s claim that the speed of light is constant for all observers.
False Arguments That The Earth Spins
Physicist / cosmologist George F. R. Ellis argued that the Earth was at the center of the universe. Paul C. W. Davies, editor of Nature at that time, confirmed the widespread desire to keep God out of science discussions:
“His new theory seems quite consistent with our astronomical observations, even though it clashes with the thought that we are godless and making it on our own. . . . as we see only redshifts whichever direction we look in the sky, the only way in which this could be consistent with a gravitational explanation is if the Earth is situated at the center of an inhomogeneous Universe.”[268] [emphasis added]
The MME and related experiments showed that ether exists and the earth doesn’t move in it, but didn’t settle the question whether it spins or not. There are three major observations that some say show that the earth at least spins even if it is located in the center of the universe:
1. Coriolis force which determines the direction in which hurricanes and bathtub drains[269] rotate. It causes an East to West motion when artillery shells are fired over long distances.
2. Foucault pendulum that swings in a fixed plane. It is said to show that the earth rotates under it.[270]
3. The earth bulges at the equator.[271] This is said to be caused by centrifugal force generated by the earth’s spin.
The Encyclopedia Britannica describes the Coriolis force:
The Coriolis force is a pseudoforce that operates in all rotating frames. One way to envision it is to imagine a rotating platform (such as a merry-go-round or a phonograph turntable) with a perfectly smooth surface and a smooth block sliding inertially across it. The block, having no (real) forces acting on it, moves in a straight line at constant speed in inertial space. However, the platform rotates under it, so that to an observer on the platform, the block appears to follow a curved trajectory, bending in the opposite direction to the motion of the platform. [272] [emphasis added]
The Coriolis force is a pseudoforce, not a real force. If the turntable is still and the inertial space carrying the block rotates, the block follows the same curved path. The earth spinning in an unmoving firmament or the firmament spinning around an unmoving earth will look the same.
As discussed on page 34, God said “let there be light” on day one, wrapped the spinning firmament around the earth the next day, and placed “lights in the firmament of the heaven” on day 4:
And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: 15And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. 16And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. 17And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, 18And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.
Genesis 1:14-18
Barbour and Bertotti proved that a large spinning sphere with a smaller fixed sphere inside it produces exactly the same Coriolis and centrifugal forces that are said to prove that the earth spins.[273]
The Foucault pendulum isn’t connected to the earth. The swing axis seems to change because it’s dragged along by the spinning firmament. Hurricanes aren’t as disconnected from the earth: they’re also pushed by waves, currents, and other winds. Bathtub and sink drains are affected by imperfections in the drain and by currents leftover from filling it.
The earth bulges because of the gravitational pull of the stars.
As with light having both a particle nature and a wave nature, God’s universe lets scientists choose to interpret their data either to agree with the Bible or to disagree. Which will you choose?
The James Webb Telescope
The James Webb telescope has caused much discussion in cosmology circles. From my taxpayer point of view, the Webb wouldn’t have been worth its $10 billion cost[274] if it had confirmed old ideas. It’s upset many theories, however, so we should get new ideas about physics as scientists adjust their theories to match all the new data.
The semiconductor research needed for the Apollo rocket to reach the moon gave us integrated circuits and led to smartphones. Government taxing the resulting economic activity more than paid for the Apollo project. Even if new physics from the Webb doesn’t generate as much economic activity as semiconductors, the government should make a handy profit on its $10 billion investment.
The Webb has shown that the universe is smoother than predicted.
“The results are in good agreement with an analysis by the Dark Energy Survey, in which UCL Physics & Astronomy also has major involvement. This survey uses the same technique to map the dark matter, but in a different part of the sky, and the complementary findings hint that the matter distribution really is smoother, and that KiDS did not just happen to look at a smoother part of the Universe.”[275]
It also suggests that the universe is expanding faster than expected.
“Scientists call the source of this acceleration dark energy. We’re not quite sure what drives dark energy or how it works, . . .
Imagine a box full of particles. If the volume of the box increases, the density of particles would decrease as they spread out to take up all the space in the box. Now imagine the same box, but as the volume increases, the density of the particles stays the same.
It doesn’t seem intuitive, right? That the energy density of the cosmological constant does not decrease as the universe expands is, of course, very weird, but this property [the cosmological constant] helps explain the accelerating universe.”[276] [emphasis added]
Dark matter and the cosmological constant which don’t sound intuitive are more of the absurd, unsubstantiated just-so stories described on page 20 that physicists make up to justify keeping God out their explanation of how the universe operates.
Webb data are so startling that some have said that the Big Bang is no longer valid. Searching for “webb telescope invalidate big bang” without quotes returns many articles denying that the Webb disproved the Big Bang. A strong reason for arguing that the Big Bang is correct is the “well-established redshift/distance relationship”[277] which, as shown on page 22, Dr. Hubble admitted could be caused by gravity slowing light instead of by stars racing away from the earth.
These concerns are so serious that The Guardian announced that London’s Royal Society is hosting a meeting to discuss a number of problems with the standard model.[278]
“After analysing a catalogue of more than 1m quasars (extremely luminous galactic cores), the team found that one hemisphere of the sky appeared to host roughly 0.5% more sources than the other.
It may not sound like a major discrepancy but, according to Sarkar [Prof. Subir Sarkar, of the University of Oxford], if confirmed it would undermine the basis for dark energy, which is supposed to be the dominant component of the universe. “It would mean that two-thirds of the universe has just disappeared,” Sarkar said.
Dr Konstantinos Migkas, of Leiden University, will share findings that the Hubble constant – the rate at which the universe is expanding – appears to vary across space.
Alexia Lopez at the University of Central Lancashire has discovered what appear to be cosmic megastructures, named Big Ring and Giant Arc. These shapes, traced out by galaxies and galaxy clusters, occur on a scale beyond which the universe should be smooth and effectively featureless.
‘When we’re finding a list of structures that are exceeding this scale, are they challenging this assumption that is so fundamental in cosmology?’ said Lopez. ‘Maybe there needs to be more of a critical analysis of our standard model.’
Sarkar suggests that belief in the standard model of cosmology has been so deeply ingrained that it is treated as ‘the religion’.”
Many articles claim that the Big Bang is still valid, but most admit that it may require major changes. Big Bangers control the money and will advance any argument they can to justify not funding competing ideas.
One reason Einstein suggested that the speed of light was constant was to deny that red shift was caused by gravity so that the universe had to be expanding. The Sagnac experiment discussed on page 72 shows that the speed of light is not constant. Given that, red shift could be due to gravity in which case our ways of measuring the size of the universe are wrong. That’s another reason to agree with Quasar expert Varshini who argues on page 27 that Special Relativity must be abandoned.
Our faith in the Word of God will be on our final exam:
He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day. John 12:48
Do you believe that Jesus’ words including what He said about planetary motion are true? Your belief matters to Him.
Whosoever therefore shall be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation; of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father with the holy angels. Mark 8:38 see also Luke 9:26
I don’t want Jesus ashamed of me when He comes back. I try to spread His Word, and I stand behind it all.
In Paul’s speech before he departed for Rome, he said:
But this I confess unto thee, that after the way which they call heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the law and in the prophets: and have hope toward God, which they themselves also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust. Acts 24:24-15
Paul said he believed all things written in the Bible. Do you believe the Bible? Can you believe the Bible? It’s important - the next section shows that abandoning the doctrines of cosmology touched on in the Bible has led to the abandonment of many more doctrines.
Page 20 quotes scientists’ explanations why they prefer to believe their own imaginings over Scripture. Keeping all thoughts of God out of the discussion gives them the praise of men, so they have their reward:
Thus saith the LORD; Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and maketh flesh his arm, and whose heart departeth from the LORD. Jeremiah 17:5
Therefore when thou doest thine alms, do not sound a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may have glory of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. Matthew 6:2
Where do you place your faith? Do you choose to believe in the Word of God, or do you choose to trust the absurd just-so stories of science, falsely so called?
O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: I Timothy 6:20
Abandoned Biblical Doctrines
Jesus taught that there are only two sides:
He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad. Matthew 12:30
He that is not with me is against me: and he that gathereth not with me scattereth. Luke 11:23
Those who tear down Bible teachings in favor of “science, falsely so-called” are not with Him: they scatter instead of gathering. Once Christians accepted the idea that the Bible is wrong in telling how the universe operates, Satan’s plan to undermine Bible teaching on marriage, government, and social morality was well underway.
Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard, lest at any time we should let them slip. Hebrews 2:1
Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. II Timothy 1:13
But that which ye have already hold fast till I come. Revelation 2:25
Our Part in the Sins of Our Fathers
God hasn’t changed (Mal. 3:6a[279]). God expects His people to understand our collective responsibility to influence our cultures and societies. We should be a light to the nations (Phi. 2:15[280]). When we let our light go out by abandoning Biblical doctrines, evil magnifies itself.
The Bible teaches that we, today, bear the guilt of the sins of our Christian ancestors who abandoned important doctrines. Individualistic Americans don’t think of collective responsibility, but it’s taught by the prayers of Daniel (Dan. 9:4-19), Ezra (Ezra 9), and Nehemiah (Neh. 1:5-11) who confessed their personal part in all the sins of all earlier generations.
The speed at which longstanding Biblical principles are being abandoned has been increasing. There are only two sides.
But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. II Corinthians 11:3
Satan’s subtleties have corrupted many from the simplicity in God’s Word to believe scientist’s complex, mysterious “just so stories” which deny geocentric evidence. The Times of London called Einstein’s ideas “an affront to common sense.”[281] Scientists showered honors on Einstein to persuade Christians that his theories were more trustworthy than Holy Scripture. Will you choose to believe God’s Word and labor together with God (I Cor. 3:9a)[282] to restore these doctrines?
The immovable earth at the center of the universe. 1543 Copernicus’ book, “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,” was published. Over the next few centuries Christians abandoned the doctrine that God created the earth first and wrapped the universe around it a few days later. Galileo promoted Copernicus’ heretical ideas, but converted to a Biblical position the year before he died as described on page 10.
Marriage until death.[283] 1646 The Westminster Confession wrote “Although the corruption of man be such as is apt to study arguments unduly to put asunder those whom God hath joined together in marriage: yet, nothing but adultery, or such wilful desertion as can no way be remedied by the Church, or civil magistrate, is cause sufficient of dissolving the bond of marriage.”[284] even though Jesus said, “what therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder (Mt. 19:6, Mk. 10:9).” Divorce had been forbidden since Apostolic times.
Presbyterians started re-examining divorce in the 1930’s. They decided to permit divorce for the “moral equivalent of adultery” and changed the Westminster Confession to permit remarriage “when sufficient penitence for sin and failure is evident, and a firm purpose of and endeavor after Christian marriage is manifested.” In other words, you can remarry if you’re sorry and promise to try harder next time.
In 1981, Presbyterians explained, “The primary purpose of marriage was no longer the benefit of society but the benefit of the people entering the marriage covenant.”[285] [emphasis added]
Marriage changed from duty to delight. Holy Matrimony is based on duty. Divorce is impossible – duty lasts until death. If marriage is for delight, you can get a divorce any time you aren’t delighted. Divorce was difficult until the State of California passed the first “no fault divorce” law in 1971, 20 years after the church redefined marriage. It’s now easier to get out of a marriage than to get out of paying for a refrigerator.
The Bible uses “marriage” to describe the relationships between God and His people (Ro. 7:3[286]). Christian divorce damages that picture. When lost people see that Christians can’t handle this life any better than they can, why should they care what we say about the life to come? Divorce wrecks our testimony and dishonors Christ.
Parents are the primary authority in their children’s lives.[287] 1852 Massachusetts became the first state to require parents to send their children to public school regardless of their views.[288] Horace Mann, the Massachusetts Superintendent of Education, sent the National Guard to Cape Cod to force children into public schools. The Nazis agreed in 1937:
In Waldenberg, Germany, a court has taken parents away from their children because they refused to teach them Nazi ideology. The parents are pacifists, members of a Christian sect called International Bible Researchers. The court accused them of creating an environment where the children would grow up “enemies of the state.” The children were delivered into the state's care.
The judge delivered a lengthy statement reading in part, “The law as a racial and national instrument entrusts German parents with the education of their children only under certain conditions, namely, that they educate them in the fashion that the nation and state expect.”[289] [emphasis added]
1974 Mondale Act (P.L. 93-247) or the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) allowed judges to order children to be removed from their parents based on hearsay evidence. The federal government pays state agencies to cover the cost of putting children in foster care along with extra money for agency expenses.[290] In effect, social workers are paid a commission for removing children from their homes.
Social workers object to parents assigning chores and using Biblical punishment (Pr. 13:24[291]). Some say that teaching children that they’re sinners is “emotional abuse” because it harms self-esteem.[292]
To a secular social worker, our belief that a 3,000 year-old book contains child-rearing principles of more value than modern scientific research is “wholly irrational” especially as the Bible commands that children obey parents and recommends the rod of correction.
Obeying parents and spanking are anathema to social workers; they do not mind breaking the law to battle spanking because kids grow up to be responsible adults. There’s no money for them in well-behaved children, just as there is more money in condoms, birth control, and abortions than in young people who reserve sex for marriage.
God created plants, animals, and people in 6 days of 24-hours each. 1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Over millions of years, natural selection would spread favorable mutations and create the many life forms we see today.
He wrote, “Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated chain [as evolution requires]; and this, perhaps is the gravest objection which can be urged against my theory. The explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme imperfection of the geological record.” (Darwin 1859, p. 280) We haven’t found the many “missing links” that his theory needs. Evolutionists no longer debate creationists because Creationists win the debates, yet Christians bow to “science, falsely so-called”25 and believe evolution instead of believing Genesis 1:20-27.
He hasn’t been canceled for racism because he denies the Genesis creation account so strongly. Page 24 shows that belief in the impossible is found in the life sciences as well as in astronomy and physics.
The earth is the center of the universe. 1881 Michelson’s experiment showed that the earth was not moving. Scientists did not want to admit that they’d been wrong for centuries about such a fundamental property of the universe and return to Biblical authority as explained on page 69. Restoring Biblical authority would have made it harder for people to believe Darwin’s ideas about the origin of species.
All scripture is given by inspiration of God who preserved it continually.[293] 1881, the year Michaelson put the earth at the center of the universe (see page 65), was the year Westcott and Hort, who led the wave of new “bible” versions, published their corrupted New Testament. Like Prof Lewontin (see page 20), they were honest about their unbelief:
“In matters of textual criticism, the Bible is to be treated like any other ancient book. No special considerations are to be made concerning its claims of inspiration or preservation.”[294]
They denied longstanding doctrine that the Bible had been inspired by God and preserved by God. In order to accept Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, their “oldest and best” manuscripts, Christians had to believe that after inspiring His Word, God ignored His promise to preserve it for all generations and let it be hidden from ~ 400 AD until the mid-1800s. [295]
The four different versions of the Greek manuscript behind the King James Bible differed in 252 places. [296] The two “oldest is best” manuscripts beloved of modernists are filled with crossouts[297] and disagree with each other 3,036 times in the gospels alone.[298]
Thus saith the LORD, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths, where is the good way, and walk therein, and ye shall find rest for your souls. But they said, We will not walk therein. Jeremiah 6:16
And the burden of the LORD shall ye mention no more: for every man's word shall be his burden; for ye have perverted the words of the living God, of the LORD of hosts our God. Jeremiah 23:36
Over time, Christians gave up the doctrine of God-breathed Biblical inspiration and the doctrine of divine preservation, accepting Westcott and Hort’s heresies along with the Copernican heresy. Instead of earnestly contending for these doctrines, many Christians let them go. This further weakened Biblical authority, making it easier to abandon more and more of God’s Word.
All persons are equal before the law.[299] 1961 President Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 to require government contractors to “take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.” The 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination on race, color, religion, sex or national origin in hiring, promoting, and firing. In spite of these laws, affirmative action favoring people in groups seen as disadvantaged or subject to past discrimination has become common in the courts and in hiring. God disagrees:
Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it. Deuteronomy 1:17
The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spake to me, He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God. II Samuel 23:3
Then Peter opened his mouth, and said, Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons: Acts 10:34
But he that doeth wrong shall receive for the wrong which he hath done: and there is no respect of persons. Colossians 3:25
America may be going back to treating people as individuals as God does. In 2023, Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College SCOTUS ruled that the University of North Carolina and Harvard admissions programs violate the Constitution’s equal protection clause which bars racial discrimination by government entities.
On the other hand, some courts are corrupted to the point of determining guilt or innocence from a person’s political ideas or race. American due process– innocent until proven guilty, equality before the law, rules of evidence, guilt beyond reasonable doubt, a citizen grand jury to decide if a crime has been committed, a citizen jury to determine guilt or innocence – comes from the Biblical formula for handling offenses:
Moreover if thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone: if he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. 16But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. 17And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church: but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican. Matthew 18:15-17
The decision is not made by church leaders. Authority to judge guilt or innocence is given to the entire church after every word about what was done and why it was done is heard from both sides.
To be fair to politicians who’re corrupting justice, abusive pastors throw people out of churches without letting them speak. How can “every word be established (Mt. 18:16)” if they can’t speak? How can they “hear the church (Mt. 18:17)” if the pastor announces the verdict beforehand? The abusive pattern of ignoring the Biblical formula for truth by hearing both sides through “diligent inquisition” in favor of pastors ruling by decree is common enough to support a “spiritual abuse” publishing niche. Is it any wonder that people who seek power have followed the church and abandoned due process?
Children should be taught through Bible reading and prayer.[300] 1961 In Engel v. Vitale, SCOTUS ruled that a prayer approved by the New York Board of Regents for use in schools violated the First Amendment by constituting an establishment of religion. The following year, in Abington School District v. Schempp, the Court disallowed Bible readings in public schools for similar reasons. At that time, Christians had enough voting power to reverse this ruling but did nothing.
This change in American civil society led to a half-century of culture wars. Not teaching students social norms such as “thou shalt not steal” and “thou shalt not kill” has yielded bad fruit – 12 students and a teacher were murdered during the 1999 Columbine High School massacre.
Fathers are very important to families.[301] The Great Society welfare programs of 1964 paid a woman’s expenses if she had children but only if she wasn’t married. Before that, a woman who wanted a home and children had to get a husband. With welfare, all she has to get is pregnant which is a lot easier.
President Johnson spoke of women receiving welfare as a temporary condition, but he lied: by that time, the British welfare system had shown that living off the taxpayers would become a way of life.
For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat. II Thessalonians 3:10
The Bible speaks of the importance of fathers 43 times. We see the fruits of subsidizing fatherlessness – ill-educated fatherless mobs are burning down our cities and young people are committing horrible crimes. This has nothing to do with race - white families fall apart just as badly as black families when welfare pays a woman's costs.[302]
Women should marry, bear children, and guide the house.[303] When my wife grew up in the 1950s and 60s, all the mothers on the block stayed at home. When her mother had a sudden appendectomy, she made one phone call. My wife and her siblings were met at the school bus and taken to other houses until their dad got home.
When women poured into the work force, doubling the labor supply cut men’s wages in half. Sen. Elizabeth Warren wrote that two-income families have less disposable income that one-wage families had.[304] When we were raising children, “liberated” women told my wife, “Why not put them in day care and get a job? Do something worthwhile?”
You can’t hold a job without pleasing the boss. Women trying to please a man boss and men pleasing a woman boss just a little too much can wreck both marriages. A woman can destroy a man’s career by accusations of improper behavior, whether true or not. Rioting college students show that working mothers don’t have the time or the emotional energy to teach their children proper behavior.
As for my people, children are their oppressors, and women rule over them. O my people, they which lead thee cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths. Isaiah 3:12
Marriage is between one man and one woman.[305] 2015 In Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644, the American Supreme Court ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples. Christians had not protested as laws against sodomite “marriage” were repealed and replaced with policies encouraging them.
Male and female, created he them.[306] Transgenderism teaches that men and women are interchangeable and that a man can become a woman or a woman can become a man by saying so. Not using a person’s chosen pronouns is a violation of New York City law.[307] Arguing that transgender people are misguided is a hate crime worthy of jail in Scotland.[308]
Our Duty to God
God expects us to believe His Word and promote faith in His Word:
Beloved, when I gave all diligence to write unto you of the common salvation, it was needful for me to write unto you, and exhort you that ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints. Jude 1:3
Christianity is a thinking faith.
Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD: Isaiah 1:18
Knowing therefore the terror of the Lord, we persuade men; II Corinthians 5:11a
Even with Heaven and Hell in the balance, we must earnestly persuade as meekly, lovingly, and as kindly as we can:
That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; 15But speaking the truth in love, may grow up into him in all things, which is the head, even Christ: Ephesians 4:14-15
Speaking the truth in love is the key to effective persuasion.
And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you. 1Be ye therefore followers of God, as dear children; Ephesians 4:32-5:1
And the servant of the Lord must not strive; but be gentle unto all men, apt to teach, patient, 25In meekness instructing those that oppose themselves; if God peradventure will give them repentance to the acknowledging of the truth; II Timothy 2:24-25
Will we earnestly contend for our faith in the Bible, or will we leave the discussion to the lies of humanists and of science, falsely so-called?
Geocentric Verses
Jesus told us how to understand His Word:
And said, Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven. 4Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 18:3-4
Take heed, brethren, lest there be in any of you an evil heart of unbelief, in departing from the living God. Hebrews 3:12
Geocentericity is to be accepted with the simple, literal faith of a child.
And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon Abram; and, lo, an horror of great darkness fell upon him. 17And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold a smoking furnace, and a burning lamp that passed between those pieces. Genesis 15:12, 17
Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. 13And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. 14And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the LORD hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the LORD fought for Israel.
Joshua 10:12-14
The sun and moon stood still in their habitation: at the light of thine arrows they went, and at the shining of thy glittering spear. Habbakuk 3:11
Chapter 5, Joshua’s Long Day, in Dr. Bouw’s book listed on page 95 cites ancient accounts of similar events in Africa, Egypt, China, Greece, and the Americas. Polynesian histories describe long nights. His map locates accounts of long days and long nights in various places.
So let all thine enemies perish, O LORD: but let them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might. And the land had rest forty years. Judges 5:31
And it shall be, that in the morning, as soon as the sun is up, thou shalt rise early, Judges 9:33a
And Isaiah said, This sign shalt thou have of the LORD, that the LORD will do the thing that he hath spoken: shall the shadow go forward ten degrees, or go back ten degrees? 10And Hezekiah answered, It is a light thing for the shadow to go down ten degrees: nay, but let the shadow return backward ten degrees. 11And Isaiah the prophet cried unto the LORD: and he brought the shadow ten degrees backward, by which it had gone down in the dial of Ahaz. II Kings 20:9-11
And this shall be a sign unto thee from the LORD, that the LORD will do this thing that he hath spoken; behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down. Isaiah 38:7-8
Chapter 4, Hezekiah’s Sign, in Dr. Bouw’s book listed on page 95 cites ancient accounts of similar events in India, China, Greece, and the Americas. His map locates accounts of longer days and longer nights in different parts of the world depending on their time zones.
Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. I Chronicles 16:30
He is wise in heart, and mighty in strength: who hath hardened himself against him, and hath prospered? 5Which removeth the mountains, and they know not: which overturneth them in his anger. 6Which shaketh the earth out of her place, and the pillars thereof tremble. 7Which commandeth the sun, and it riseth not; and sealeth up the stars. Job 9:4-7
Thick clouds are a covering to him, that he seeth not; and he walketh in the circuit of heaven. Job 22:14
He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing. Job 26:7
Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, 5which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. 6His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. Psalm 19:4-6
The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof. Psalm 50:1
“Stablish” means to stabilize. Some modern versions use “establish” which means to set up, which is not the same idea at all.
The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. Psalm 93:1
Say among the heathen that the LORD reigneth: the world also shall be established that it shall not be moved: he shall judge the people righteously. Psalm 96:10
Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever. Psalm 104:5
He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down. Psalm 104:19
From the rising of the sun unto the going down of the same the LORD's name is to be praised. Psalm 113:3
The Hebrew word translated “abideth” has a much stronger meaning of immovability than the English word.
Thy faithfulness is unto all generations: thou hast established the earth, and it abideth. Psalm 119:90
One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth forever. 5The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. Ecclesiastes 1:4-5
Some say this is metaphor, but the following verses are literally true:
The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. Ecclesiastes 1:6-7
Scientists learned that jet streams blow all the way around the earth as shown on the back cover and learned how oceans and lakes evaporate to make rain in the 1880s. Given that verses about wind and rivers are literally true, why shouldn’t the verse about the sun be literally true?
God will remove the earth out of its fixed place during the coming judgment. “Removed” means that the earth has a place until that time.
Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall remove out of her place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts, and in the day of his fierce anger. Isaiah 13:13
And forgettest the LORD thy maker, that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth; and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor, as if he were ready to destroy? and where is the fury of the oppressor? Isaiah 51:13
Thus saith the LORD, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool: where is the house that ye build unto me? and where is the place of my rest? Isaiah 66:1
The discussion of parallax on page 55 shows that this way of measuring distances is wrong by a factor of around 23,500. The speed of light changes as it moves from air to glass which is why lenses can focus. Edwin Hubble said on page 22 that the red shift he saw could be due to the slowing of light due to gravity. If the speed of light varies as the Sagnac experiment on page 72 suggests, none of our estimates for the size of the universe are accurate and we can’t measure the universe.
God tells us that we can’t measure the size of the universe.
Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD. Jeremiah 31:37
The sun and moon stood still in their habitation: at the light of thine arrows they went, and at the shining of thy glittering spear. Habbakuk 3:11
The immovability of the earth is used as an analogy for “forever.”
Wherefore, if meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh while the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend. I Corinthians 8:13
Bibliography
Many books and articles support geocentricity, but few in “peer reviewed” academic circles. The scientific establishment, like most establishments, protects its power, prestige and funding at any cost.[309] The Root Cause of Academic Groupthink[310] shows why organizations stick with wrong ideas or policies long after their weaknesses are well known:
In other words, the safest, surest, most common path to success in academia involves telling those already designated experts precisely what they most want to hear: That their own work had been so groundbreaking that the most interesting and exciting path forward is to build upon it.
Suppose you’re part of the senior faculty of a department committed to the phlogiston theory (i.e., debunked 18th c. chemistry). Two candidates compete for a junior slot. The first presents a marginal tweak on phlogiston citing your own work and that of several colleagues. The second presents groundbreaking proof that phlogiston is wrong.
Who gets the job? The candidate whose work flatters you and your colleague? Or the candidate who’s shown that you’ve dedicated your career to nonsense? Now ask the question about climate change instead of phlogiston. Then ask it about DEI. The answer is always the same. Experts who’ve staked their careers and prestige on the validity of a theory will always hire, promote, and reward those who burnish that theory.
I’ve termed this phenomenon “incremental outrageousness.” It defines the basic incentive structure of academia—and of our entire credentialed class.
Gerardus D. Bouw, PhD, The Geocentricity Primer and The Geocentric Bible 7, The Biblical Astronomer, Cleveland Ohio 2004 This is two books in one. The first book answers claims that the Bible doesn’t teach geocentricity and explains how the Copernican heresy demoted the earth from the center of the universe to being a minor planet among billions. This set the stage for accepting the theory of evolution, see page 15.
The second book is The Geocentric Bible which argues Biblical geocentricity from a different viewpoint.
Paul M. Steidl, The Earth, the Stars, and the Bible Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1979
J. A. Moorman, The Biblical and Observational Case for Geocentricity The Bible For Today Press, Colingswood, NJ, 2013 discusses many scientific experiments which uphold the immovable earth, see page 70.
(A) The Sagnac experiment proved
that there was an aether which could be used as a reference frame for
movements. This demolished Einstein’s theories of Relativity, see page 72.
(B) Using the aether as a frame of reference, the Michelson-Morley experiment
showed that we were not going around the sun.
(C) Airey’s experiment proved that the starlight was already coming into the
earth at an angle, being carried along by the rotating aether.
(D) The Michelson-Gale experiment showed that the aether was going round the
stationary earth 1 rotation per day.
Robert A. Sungenis, Ph.D. and Robert J. Bennett, Ph.D., Galileo Was Right, Catholic Apologetics International Publishing, State Line, Pennsylvania
This 1,073 page book describes the simple geocentric explanations of all the scientific data sets up to the data coming from the James Webb telescope. Its Bibliography lists many online articles going into detail about the fallacious heliocentric explanations contrived by “scientists” who deny the earth’s place in the center of the universe, see page 20.
It’s available as a free .pdf
https://ia800603.us.archive.org/18/items/GallileoWasWrong/Gallileo%20was%20wrong.pdf
You can copy links out of its Bibliography and paste them into a browser. That makes it a lot easier to confirm his research.
Robert Sungenis, Geocentism for Dumskies and Smart Kids, Catholic Apologetics International Publishing, State Line, Pennsylvania 2019
[1] That ye be not soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word, nor by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand. 3Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; 4Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God. II Thessalonians 2:2-4
[2] Thus saith the LORD, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths, where is the good way, and walk therein, and ye shall find rest for your souls. But they said, We will not walk therein. Jeremiah 6:16
[3] The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. Psalm 93:1
[4] This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoureth me with their lips; but their heart is far from me. Matthew 15:8
[5] Article written by Einstein at the request of the London Times, November 28, 1919, as cited in Einstein’s Ideas and Opinions, Wings Books, Crown Publishers, 1954, p. 229.
[6] This is the purpose that is purposed upon the whole earth: and
this is the hand that is stretched out upon all the nations. 27For
the LORD of hosts hath purposed, and who shall disannul it? and his hand
is stretched out, and who shall turn it back?
Isaiah 14:26-27
[7] The LORD of hosts hath purposed it, to stain the pride of all glory, and to bring into contempt all the honourable of the earth. Isaiah 23:9
[8] Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure: 11Calling a ravenous bird from the east, the man that executeth my counsel from a far country: yea, I have spoken it, I will also bring it to pass; I have purposed it, I will also do it. Isaiah 46:10-11
[9] For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black; because I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and will not repent, neither will I turn back from it. Jeremiah 4:28
[10] And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose. Romans 8:28
[11] And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. John 1:14
[12] Behold, his soul which is lifted up is not upright in him: but the just shall live by his faith. Habakkuk 2:4
[13] For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith. Romans 1:17
[14] But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness. Romans 4:5
[15] But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for, The just shall live by faith. Galatians 3:11
[16] Now the just shall live by faith: but if any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in him. Hebrews 10:38
[17] Lincoln Barnett, The Universe and Dr. Einstein, New York, New American Library, 2nd revised edition, 1957, p. 73.
[18] The Evolution of Physics: From Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta, Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1938, 1966, p. 212. Fred Hoyle wrote, “…according to the physical theory developed by Albert Einstein [the heliocentric and geocentric systems] are indeed physically equivalent to each other” (Astronomy and Cosmology, p. 8).
[19] O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: I Timothy 6:20
[20] https://carnegiescience.edu/news/cosmic-accounting-reveals-missing-light-crisis
[21] https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/06/30/science-uncovers-the-origin-of-the-first-light-in-the-universe/
[22] All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. John 1:3
[23] Sir Fred Hoyle, Astronomy and Cosmology, A Modern Course, (San Francisco, W. H. Freeman & Co., 1975) p 416
[24] And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. Genesis 1:5
[25] O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: I Timothy 6:20
[26] Antonio Favaro, Galileo e l’Inquisizione, Documenti de Processo Galileiano…per la prima volta integralmente pubicati, Florence, 1907, pp. 82, 88
[27] Antonio Favaro, Galileo e l’Inquisizione, Documenti de Processo Galileiano…per la prima volta integralmente pubicati, Florence, 1907, pp. 76-85; 142-151
[28] Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Biblical) doctrine.
[29] Le Opere Di Galileo Galilei, Nuova Ristampa Della Edizione Nazionale, Sotto L’Alto Patronato Del Presidente Della Repubblica Italiana, Giuseppe Saragat, directore: Antonio Favaro, Vol. XVIII, Firenze, G. Barbèra – Editore, 1968, p. 316. An editorial note: “Bibl. Naz. Fir. Banco Rari, Armadio 9, Cartella 5, 33. – Orginale, di mano di Vincenzio Vivani.” The letter is in the archives of the National Library at Florence in the rare books section, cabinet #9, folder #5, 33. It was dictated to Vincenzio Viviani; Galileo was blind in 1641.
[30] Sidelights on Relativity, Dover Publications, 1983, p. 28.
[31] And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: Genesis 1:14
[32] All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. Ecclesiastes 1:7
[33] Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg, To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science, Harper Collins, 2015, pp 251-252
[34] Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth. John 17:17
[35] I. Bernard Cohen, Birth of a New Physics, revised and updated, New York: W. W. Norton, 1985, p. 78.
[36] Gerardus D. Bouw, PhD, The Geocentricity Primer and The Geocentric Bible 7, The Biblical Astronomer, Cleveland Ohio 2004 page 144.
[37] For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth. Deuteronomy 14:2
[38] And the LORD hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments; Deuteronomy 26:18
[39] Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works. Titus 2:14
[40] But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light; I Peter 2:9
[41] Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it. Deuteronomy 1:17
[42] Donald Goldsmith, The Evolving Universe, Menlo Park, CA, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1985, p. 140.
[43] Lincoln Barnett, The Universe and Dr. Einstein, New York, New American Library, 2nd revised edition, 1957, p. 73.
[44] Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, New York, Avon Books, Harper Collins, 1984, p. 110
[45] Denying compulsion is a fib – the fastest way to be defunded is to speak favorably of geocentrism. The James Webb telescope shows that the Big Bang is wrong, but Big Bang Believers control all the money and won’t fund ideas which seek to replace it.
[46] Perceptible by the senses or through immediate experience
[47] They’re recycling the Gnostic idea that salvation is available only to a select few who possess mystic “knowledge” (gnosis).
[48] “Billions and Billions of Demons,” The New York Review of Books, 1/9/1997, pp 28, 31
[49] Einstein: The Life and Times, p. 101.
[50] Astrophysical Journal 84, 517, 1936, p. 553
[51] The Observational Approach to Cosmology, Clarendon Press, 1937, pp. 50, 51, 58.
[52] Journal of the Optical Society of America, 29:183-187, 1939.
[53] George Wald, 1967 Nobel Peace Prize in Science, quoted in Lindsay, Dennis, "The Dinosaur Dilemma," Christ for the Nations, Vol. 35, No. 8, November 1982, pp. 4-5, 14.
[54] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62619397
[55] How close an orbit is to a circle. Changing it changes how sunlight warms the earth.
[56] Any changes in an astronomical body’s rotation or orbit shape.
[57] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milutin-Milankovitch
[58] The Cosmological principle says that the universe looks the same from anywhere. Varshini showed that his shells can’t be seen from other galaxies so the principle is false.
[59] Y. P. Varshni, Astrophysics and Space Science, 43:3 (1976), p. 8.
[60] Isotropy means that there is no preferred direction in the Universe. Bursts come uniformly from every direction.
[61] Homogeneity means that there is no preferred location in the Universe, which is what astronomers prefer. Inhomogeneity means that the earth is the preferred location.
[62] American Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33, 415, 1995
[63] “Gamma-Ray Bursts: What Are They?” in Seventeenth Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology, 1995, p. 446
[64] Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ; II Corinthians 10:5
[65] The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork. Psalm 19:1
[66] Pippa Passes, a verse drama by Robert Browning, 1841
[67] Who being the brightness of his glory, and the express image of his person, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high: Hebrews 1:3
[68] O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: I Timothy 6:20
[69] For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it. Exodus 20:11
[70] For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: 17And he is before all things, and by him all things consist. Colossians 1:16-17
[71]John C. Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris, The Genesis Flood (Philadelphia: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publ. Co., 1961), 518 pp. This was one of the most significant early volumes for this movement in the twentieth century.
[72]W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited, Two volumes (NY: The Philosophical Library, 1989).
[73] For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: 17And he is before all things, and by him all things consist. Colossians 1:16-17
[74] When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? Job 38:7
[75] But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded? I Kings 8:27
[76] For ask now of the days that are past, which were before thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth, and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath been heard like it? Deuteronomy 4:32
[77] His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. Psalm 19:6
[78] And Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God. Genesis 21:33
[79] Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, thou art God. Psalm 90:2
[80] For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind. Isaiah 65:17
[81] But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up. 11Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness, 12Looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat? 13Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness. II Peter 3:10-13
[82] And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea. Revelation 21:1
[83] O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! who hast set thy glory above the heavens. Psalm 8:1
[84] Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens; let thy glory be above all the earth. Psalm 57:5
[85] He that descended is the same also that ascended up far above all heavens, that he might fill all things.) Ephesians 4:10
[86] Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. 13And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. Joshua 10:12-13
[87] Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, 5Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. 6His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. Psalm 19:4-6
[88] The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. 6The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. 7All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. 8All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing. Ecclesiastes 1:5-8
[89] Behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down. Isaiah 38:8
[90] The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof. Psalm 50:1
[91] The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. Psalm 93:1
[92] Thick clouds are a covering to him, that he seeth not; and he walketh in the circuit of heaven. Job 22:14
[93] Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth? Job 38:33
[94] Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD. Jeremiah 31:37
[95]The Good News Bible incorrectly translates Gen. 1:1 as “In the beginning when God created the universe.” Good News Bible with Deuteroncanonicals/Apocrypha: The Bible in Today’s English Version (NY: American Bible Society), loc. cit. The Latin-derived word “universe” comes from universum and literally means “turned into one.” For the Christian, the Bible consistently gives the biblical term “heaven and earth,” the expression for the “worlds” God created (Heb. 11:3). The Bible neither speaks of the “universe” nor the “solar system,” nor calls earth a “planet.”
[96] In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2The same was in the beginning with God. 3All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. John 1:1-3
[97] Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth. Psalm 104:30
[98] For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. I John 5:7
[99] The LORD possessed me in the beginning of his way, before his works of old. Proverbs 8:22
[100] But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded? I Kings 8:27
[101] Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, thou art God. Psalm 90:
[102] For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there is none else. Isaiah 45:18
[103]Insurmountable arguments for interpreting Gen. 1 as the title for this inclusio are the following: 1) the expression "the heavens and the earth" consistently refers to the completed creation of God (Gen. 14:19; Ps. 121:2; Mt. 24:35; et al); 2) the "completed" cosmos of v. 1 can not exist contemporaneously with the incomplete cosmos of vv. 2-19; 3) the verb bara' refers to a finished creation; and 4) the waw (“and”) of v. 2 is disjunctive, thus not giving consecutive action, since it is attached to a non verb ("and the earth"). The disjunctive waw does not continue the verbal action of the previous material and it could be translated as an introductory “now.” “The disjunctive Waw is prefixed to a non-verbal form and is non-sequential, that is, it introduces some kind of a break or interruption in the narrative.” Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt, Basics of Biblical Hebrew (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001), p. 281.
[104] For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost. II Peter 1:21
[105]This is a plural noun and when it refers to the absolute God the noun utilizes a singular verb. When it is used with a plural verb it refers to deities.
[106] Come ye near unto me, hear ye this; I have not spoken in secret from the beginning; from the time that it was, there am I: and now the Lord GOD, and his Spirit, hath sent me. 17Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go. Isaiah 48:16-17
[107] For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. I John 5:7
[108]Neither the creation of the third heaven (II Cor. 12:2-4) or the supposed creation of “infinite space” are addressed in this passage.
[109] It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in: Isaiah 40:22
[110] When he prepared the heavens, I was there: when he set a compass upon the face of the depth: Proverbs 8:27
[111]Since the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters (of the deep tehom), the circle of the earth had depth, and therefore refers to a sphere (Gen. 1:2).
[112] Thou coveredst it with the deep as with a garment: the waters stood above the mountains. Psalm 104:6
[113] I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things. Isaiah 45:7
[114] Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain: Psalm 104:2
[115] While the sun, or the light, or the moon, or the stars, be not darkened, nor the clouds return after the rain: Ecclesiastes 12:2
[116] There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. I Corinthians 15:41
[117] Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If any man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world. John 11:9
[118]Since the divine author distinguished “days” from “years” in passages such as Gen. 5:4, the account cannot be describing some sort of day-age notion (Ex. 20:11).
[119] Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, and ye waters that be above the heavens. Psalm 148:4
[120] Silver spread into plates is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz, the work of the workman, and of the hands of the founder: blue and purple is their clothing: they are all the work of cunning men. Jeremiah 10:9
[121] The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains. Isaiah 40:19
[122] Hast thou with him spread out the sky, which is strong, and as a molten looking glass? Job 37:18
[123] And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four beasts full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:6
[124] The LORD is in his holy temple, the LORD's throne is in heaven: his eyes behold, his eyelids try, the children of men. Psalm 11:4
[125]Contextually, Moses referred to stellar space before he referred to the immediate atmosphere. It is flawed exegesis to posit the notion that Day Two refers the creation of the atmosphere or “sky” and the waters above refer to the creation of the water canopy around the earth. Although the Scriptures imply there may have been a canopy or “heavenly ocean” (“flood” (hammabbul lWBM;h)) around the earth which was destroyed at the time of the Noahic flood, this canopy, if it existed, is not alluded to until Gen. 6:17.
[126] Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain: Psalm 104:2
[127] And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. Genesis 1:7
[128] Which alone spreadeth out the heavens, and treadeth upon the waves of the sea. Job 9:8
[129]Job revealed that Jehovah “stretcheth out (noteh) the north over the empty place.” Among other truths this verse teaches that there is an absolute north. Other references to directions relate to Jerusalem as the focal point, which locale the Lord declares “I have set it [Jerusalem] in the midst of the nations and countries that are round about her” (Ezk. 5:5).
[130] Hast thou with him spread out the sky, which is strong, and as a molten looking glass? Job 37:18
[131]Elihu recorded that the Lord God “spread out the sky.” His use of the “molten looking glass” simile suggests that the heavens strongly reflect light, perhaps as a curved mirror, giving the same illusion as one would have in a “hall of mirrors.” The seeming innumerable, but nevertheless finite quantity of stars—since God named them (Ps. 147:4), may merely be reflections of reflections of astral objects.
[132] He delivered me from my strong enemy, and from them that hated me: for they were too strong for me. II Samuel 22:18
[133] He bowed the heavens also, and came down: and darkness was under his feet. Psalm 18:9
[134] Bow thy heavens, O LORD, and come down: touch the mountains, and they shall smoke. Psalm 144:5
[135] Thus saith God the LORD, he that created the heavens, and stretched them out; he that spread forth the earth, and that which cometh out of it; he that giveth breath unto the people upon it, and spirit to them that walk therein: 12Let them give glory unto the LORD, and declare his praise in the islands. Isaiah 42:5, 12
[136] Thus saith the LORD, thy redeemer, and he that formed thee from the womb, I am the LORD that maketh all things; that stretcheth forth the heavens alone; that spreadeth abroad the earth by myself; Isaiah 44:24
[137]Using the verb “hath spanned”, Isaiah asserted that God spread out the heavens in increments that only He could measure.
[138] And forgettest the LORD thy maker, that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth; and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor, as if he were ready to destroy? and where is the fury of the oppressor? Isaiah 51:13
[139] He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by his discretion. Jeremiah 10:12
[140] He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heaven by his understanding. Jeremiah 51:15
[141] And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living creature was as the colour of the terrible crystal, stretched forth over their heads above. Ezekiel 1:22
[142]Thomas M. Strouse, “James and Astronomy (James 1:13-18): All the Christian Needs to Know about Solar Parallax,” Biblical Astronomer 114 (2005), 113-125. It is included in this book on page 49.
[143] The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof. Psalm 50:1
[144] When he gave to the sea his decree, that the waters should not pass his commandment: when he appointed the foundations of the earth: Proverbs 8:29
[145] And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good. Genesis 1:21
[146] And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. 25And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. Genesis 1:24-25
[147] Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive. Genesis 6:20
[148] They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort. Genesis 7:14
[149]Heliocentrists are hard pressed to demonstrate Scripturally when God put the earth in the firmament or the heavens for it to behave like a “planet” (“wanderer”) and revolve around the sun.
[150] And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. Matthew 19:28
[151] For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. John 3:16
[152] Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. 13And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. 14And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the LORD hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the LORD fought for Israel. Joshua 10:12-14
[153] And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities. Joshua 10:20
[154] And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: Genesis 1:14
[155] Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, Psalm 19:4
[156]Habakkuk’s reminder of God’s judgment on the Amorites through Joshua’s long day, “the sun and moon stood still in their habitation” (3:11), is significant for several reasons: 1) There is no conjunction in the Hebrew text for “and,” suggesting the unity of these two orbs in the miracle. 2) The verb “stood” is singular, and refers to the singular stoppage of both the sun and moon. 3) “Habitation” implies a place, i.e.; heaven.
[157] Joshua alluded to this extrabiblical volume entitled the Book of Jasher (“the book of the upright;” cf. II Sam. 1:18), but he did not use it as a source for himself since he obviously was an eyewitness. Nevertheless, Joshua, the author of the book of his namesake, knew that this Geocentric miracle was recorded elsewhere.
[158] Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, 5Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. 6His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. Psalm 19:4-6
[159] Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy sight, O LORD, my strength, and my redeemer. Psalm 19:14
[160] The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork. Psalm 19:1
[161] And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. Genesis 1:8
[162]The expression “the end of the heaven” teaches that the firmament (i.e., heaven) is finite and may be relatively close.
[163] The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. 6The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. 7All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. 8All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing. Ecclesiastes 1:5-8
[164] Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man. 14For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil. Ecclesiastes 12:13-14
[165]These directions, along with east and west (v. 5) and up and down, are absolute since the earth is the fixed point in God’s creation.
[166] Behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down. Isaiah 38:8
[167] And Isaiah said, This sign shalt thou have of the LORD, that the LORD will do the thing that he hath spoken: shall the shadow go forward ten degrees, or go back ten degrees? 10And Hezekiah answered, It is a light thing for the shadow to go down ten degrees: nay, but let the shadow return backward ten degrees. II Kings 20:9-10
[168]This noun literally means “ascendancy” and refers to degrees on the sun dial.
[169]The chronicler called the sign “the wonder” done in the land (II Chron. 32:31). In what way this was a geographically localized miracle is difficult to comprehend.
[170] And Isaiah said, This sign shalt thou have of the LORD, that the LORD will do the thing that he hath spoken: shall the shadow go forward ten degrees, or go back ten degrees? 10And Hezekiah answered, It is a light thing for the shadow to go down ten degrees: nay, but let the shadow return backward ten degrees. II Kings 20:9-10
[171] Behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down. Isaiah 38:8
[172] The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof. Psalm 50:1
[173] The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. 2Thy throne is established of old: thou art from everlasting. 3The floods have lifted up, O LORD, the floods have lifted up their voice; the floods lift up their waves. 4The LORD on high is mightier than the noise of many waters, yea, than the mighty waves of the sea. Psalm 93:1-4
[174] And thou sayest, How doth God know? can he judge through the dark cloud? 14Thick clouds are a covering to him, that he seeth not; and he walketh in the circuit of heaven. 15Hast thou marked the old way which wicked men have trodden? Job 22:13-15
[175]The verb behind this noun refers to making a circle (Prov. 8:27).
[176] Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, 5Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. 6His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. Psalm 19:4-6
[177] It is turned as clay to the seal; and they stand as a garment. Job 38:14
[178] For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: 17Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord. I Thessalonians 4:16-17
[179] Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep thee from the hour of temptation, which shall come upon all the world, to try them that dwell upon the earth. Revelation 3:10
[180] Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall remove out of her place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts, and in the day of his fierce anger. Isaiah 13:13
[181]The Day of the Lord will include both the Tribulation judgment and the Millennium blessing (Zech. 14:1-8; 16-19).
[182]The place of the earth is the fixed center of the cosmos according to all cosmological passages in Scripture (Isa. 66:1).
[183] And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? Revelation 6:10
[184] The earth is utterly broken down, the earth is clean dissolved, the earth is moved exceedingly. 20The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall be removed like a cottage; and the transgression thereof shall be heavy upon it; and it shall fall, and not rise again. Isaiah 24:19-20
[185] Behold, the LORD maketh the earth empty, and maketh it waste, and turneth it upside down, and scattereth abroad the inhabitants thereof. Isaiah 24:1
[186] The earth mourneth and fadeth away, the world languisheth and fadeth away, the haughty people of the earth do languish. 5The earth also is defiled under the inhabitants thereof; because they have transgressed the laws, changed the ordinance, broken the everlasting covenant. 6Therefore hath the curse devoured the earth, and they that dwell therein are desolate: therefore the inhabitants of the earth are burned, and few men left. Isaiah 24:4-6
[187] And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood; Revelation 6:12
[188] And the same hour was there a great earthquake, and the tenth part of the city fell, and in the earthquake were slain of men seven thousand: and the remnant were affrighted, and gave glory to the God of heaven. Revelation 11:13
[189] Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth? Job 38:33
[190] There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that man was perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil. Job 1:1
[191] And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? and still he holdeth fast his integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy him without cause. Job 2:3
[192] Wilt thou also disannul my judgment? wilt thou condemn me, that thou mayest be righteous? Job 40:8
[193] Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes. Job 42:6
[194] Thou shalt therefore keep this ordinance in his season from year to year. Exodus 13:10
[195] Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD. Jeremiah 31:37
[196] As the host of heaven cannot be numbered, neither the sand of the sea measured: so will I multiply the seed of David my servant, and the Levites that minister unto me. Jeremiah 33:22
[197] And Solomon left all the vessels unweighed, because they were exceeding many: neither was the weight of the brass found out. I Kings 7:47
[198] Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. 13And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. Joshua 10:12-13
[199] The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. 6The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. 7All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. 8All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing. Ecclesiastes 1:5-8
[200] Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, 5Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. 6His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. Psalm 19:4-6
[201] The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof. Psalm 50:1
[202] The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. Psalm 93:1
[203] Thick clouds are a covering to him, that he seeth not; and he walketh in the circuit of heaven. Job 22:14
[204] It is turned as clay to the seal; and they stand as a garment. Job 38:14
[205] Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall remove out of her place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts, and in the day of his fierce anger. Isaiah 13:13
[206] The earth is utterly broken down, the earth is clean dissolved, the earth is moved exceedingly. 20The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall be removed like a cottage; and the transgression thereof shall be heavy upon it; and it shall fall, and not rise again. Isaiah 24:19-20
[207] Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth? Job 38:33
[208] Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD. Jeremiah 31:37
[209] For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. Acts 20:27
[210]The sun's parallactical movement is apparent and not real since the observation points are in two different locations. The attempt to measure the sun's parallax is only for the purpose to determine angles and distances. In order to determine the height of an isosceles triangle, one would have to know any two consecutive sides or angles: side, angle, side (SAS) or angle, side, angle (ASA). The sun does have real motion against its background (i.e., the constellations), although heliocentric astronomers term this "apparent motion."
[211]George O. Abell, Exploration of the Universe, (Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974), p. 688.
[212]The distance from the earth to the sun has been estimated to be about 93,000,000 miles and has become the “absolute” basis for astrometry as 1 AU. Backhaus lists five reasons astronomers want to know the sun's parallax. 1) The sun's distance from earth would help determine the magnitude of the solar system. 2) Solar system distances help determine astrophysical properties of the sun and planets. 3) Gravitation factored into these distances help determine planet's positions more accurately. 4) This leads to better astronomical navigating. 5) Stellar parallax helps determine the size of the universe. U. Backhaus, “Astronomy On-Line Project: Measuring the Sun's Parallax” http://didaktik.physik.uni-essen.de, 7-4-05, pp. 2-4.
[213] Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD. Jeremiah 31:37
[214]Gerardus D. Bouw, Geocentricity, (Cleveland: Association for Biblical Astronomy, 1992), pp. 153-155.
[215]186,000,000 miles/8,000 miles = 23,500.
[216]Abell, p. 120.
[217]Wright lists 25 methods additional to that of trigonometric parallax to help refine the measurement of the sun's parallax, all of which are based on speculative evolutionary assumptions: Moving Cluster, Secular Parallax, Statistical Parallax, Kinematic Distance, Expansion Parallax, Light Echo Distance, Spectroscopic Visual Binaries, Baade-Wesselink Method, Spectroscopic Eclipsing Binaries, Expanding Photosphere Method, Main Sequence Fitting, Spectroscopic Parallax, RR Lyrae Distance, Cepheid Distance, Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function, Brightest Stars, Largest H II Region Diameters, Surface Brightness Fluctuations, Type I-a Supernovae, Tully-Fisher Relation, Faber-Jackson Relation, Brightest Cluster Galaxies, Gravitation Lens Time Delay, Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect, and Hubble Law. Edward L. Wright, “The ABC's of Distances,” http://astro.ucla.edu. July 7, 2005, pp. 1-8. This variety of inconsistent techniques shows the impossibility to measure the sun's distance accurately or absolutely.
[218] Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. James 1:17
[219] And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: Genesis 1:14
[220] Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be unpunished: Proverbs 11:21a
[221] Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, and ye waters that be above the heavens. Psalm 148:4
[222] So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations. Matthew 1:17
[223] And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, Jude 1:14
[224]Cf. “For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts” (Isa. 55:9).
[225] O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: I Timothy 6:20
[226]Paul M. Steidl, The Earth, the Stars, and the Bible (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1979), pp. 130, 187.
[227] For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: Colossians 1:16
[228] Also he said, Bring the vail that thou hast upon thee, and hold it. And when she held it, he measured six measures of barley, and laid it on her: and she went into the city. Ruth 3:15
[229] All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: 17That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works. II Timothy 3:16-17
[230] And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: 5For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. Genesis 3:4-5
[231]Satan taught (I Tim. 4:1-3) basic Gnostic Pantheism, postulating the deification and deathlessness of man. Corollaries to these tenets included evolution and "the flesh is evil" doctrine.
[232]The Bible writers utilize the expression "heaven and earth" at least thirty-one times, always distinguishing between these two (e.g., Mt. 24:35).
[233]Even many Christians have been brainwashed by evolutionary philosophy in using un-Scriptural terminology. The Bible never once calls the earth a planet.
[234] Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever. Jude 1:13
[235] And he put down the idolatrous priests, whom the kings of Judah had ordained to burn incense in the high places in the cities of Judah, and in the places round about Jerusalem; them also that burned incense unto Baal, to the sun, and to the moon, and to the planets, and to all the host of heaven. II Kings 23:5
[236]How ironic it is that evolutionists are “wandering stars.”
[237]The Christian already knows that the Lord's purpose on earth is to meet the spiritual needs of lost mankind. John summarized this truth, saying, “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life” (Jn. 3:16).
[238] I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things. Isaiah 45:7
[239] And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. Genesis 1:3
[240] Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear. Hebrews 11:3
[241] Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain: Psalm 104:2
[242] And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God. I Samuel 14:36
[243] So and more also do God unto the enemies of David, if I leave of all that pertain to him by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall. I Samuel 25:22
[244] Wherefore now rise up early in the morning with thy master's servants that are come with thee: and as soon as ye be up early in the morning, and have light, depart. I Samuel 29:10
[245] Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth speedily: and thy righteousness shall go before thee; the glory of the LORD shall be thy rereward. Isaiah 58:
[246] Woe to them that devise iniquity, and work evil upon their beds! when the morning is light, they practise it, because it is in the power of their hand. Micah 2:1
[247]All four nouns are articular and the last three are separated with the waw conjunction, grammatically distinguishing four distinct lights.
[248] There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. I Corinthians 15:41
[249] He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing. Job 26:7
[250]The Lord created the earth's axis north and south with reference to the heavens. The psalmist Ethan stated, “The heavens are thine, the earth also is thine: as for the world and the fulness thereof, thou hast founded them. The north and the south thou hast created them…” (Ps. 89:11-12). Even the New Jerusalem will be located absolutely with respect to the directions of north, south, east and west in the New Heavens and Earth (Rev. 21:1; 13).
[251]The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn were so named because the sun's relationship with these two sectors or signs of the zodiac.
[252] Einstein: The Life and Times, Avon Book, New York, NY, 1984, p. 109-110.
[253] Bernard Jaffe, Michelson and the Speed of Light, Garden City, NY, Doubleday and Company, 1960, p. 76.
[254] God tries again when people won’t learn what He teaches. People didn’t push back against science when the MME was misinterpreted so God allowed scientists and experts to demonstrate human fallibility for everyone to see during Covid.
[255] And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. 7And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. 8And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. Genesis 1:6-8
[256] Letter dated April 17, 1887, in the Edward W. Morley Papers, Library of Congress, as cited in Dorothy Michelson Livingston’s Master of Light: A Biography of Albert Michelson, New York, Charles Scribner, 1973, p. 126
[257] Robert S. Shankland, “Conversations with Albert Einstein,” American Journal of Physics, 31:47-57, 1963, and the later report in 41:895-901, 1973, p. 896.
[258] Lorentz 1886, “On the Influence of the Earth’s Motion of Luminiferous Phenomena,” quoted in Arthur Miller’s Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity, p. 20.
[259] Einstein: The Life and Times, p. 128.
[260] https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-04-quantum-physics-i-spring-2016/resources/mit8_04s16_lecnotes3/
[261] Einstein: The Life and Times, p. 101.
[262] O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: I Timothy 6:20
[263] “Influence of Motion of the Medium on the Velocity of Light,” American Journal of Science, 31:386-377, 1886
[264] W. M. Hicks, “On the Michelson-Morley Experiment Relating to the Drift of the Ether,” Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 3, 1902, p. 34, see also pp. 9-42.
[265] M. Consoli and E. Costanzo “The Motion of the Solar System and the Michelson-Morley Experiment,” Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’ Università di Catania, November 26, 2003, p. 1
[266] https://aetherometry.com/publications/direct/AToS/AS3-I.2.pdf
[267] John Chappell, “Georges Sagnac and the Discovery of the Ether,” Arch. Internat. d’Histoire des Sciences, 18:175-190, 1965.
[268] P. C. W. Davies, “Cosmic Heresy?” Nature, 273:336, 1978.
[269] https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-somebody-finally-sett/
[270] https://www.britannica.com/science/Foucault-pendulum
[271] https://www.britannica.com/science/equatorial-bulge
[272] https://www.britannica.com/science/Coriolis-force
[273] Barbour and Bertotti, Il Nuovo Cimento B, 38:1, 1977
[274] https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/james-webb-space-telescope-cost-nasa-billions-pictures-are-rcna38813
[275] https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/jul/universe-more-uniform-theory-predicts
[276] https://www.astronomy.com/science/why-is-the-universe-expanding-faster-than-predicted-a-cosmologist-explains-what-we-know/
[277] https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/impact-events/do-the-james-webb-telescope-images-show-the-big-bang-didnt-happen
[278] https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/14/worlds-top-cosmologists-convene-to-question-conventional-view-of-the-universe
[279] For I am the LORD, I change not; Malachi 3:6a
[280] That ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world; Philippians 2:15
[281] Einstein: The Life and Times, p. 101.
[282] For we are labourers together with God: I Corinthians 3:9a
[283] What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. Matthew 19:6b
[284] https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/ccc/westminster/Of_Marriage_And_Divorce.cfm
[285] Mount, Jr., Eric and Bos, Johanna W. H. “Scripture on Sexuality, Shifting Authority,” Journal of Presbyterian History 59 no. 2, (Summer 1981): 224
[286] Wherefore, my brethren, ye also are become dead to the law by the body of Christ; that ye should be married to another, even to him who is raised from the dead, that we should bring forth fruit unto God. Romans 7:4
[287] Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all; 2But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father. Galatians 4:1-2
[288] https://www.bostonmagazine.com/education/2018/05/17/tbt-compulsory-education-massachusetts/
[289] “Chronicles of the 20th Century,” 1987 edition, p. 475 Chronicle Publications, Mt. Kisco, NY.
[290] https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7687/
[291] He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes. Proverbs 13:24
[292] Ruth and Henry Kempe "Child Abuse" Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1978, pp 4, 6, 66-68, 104.
[293] All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: II Timothy 3:16
[294] Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in the Original Greek, Introduction and Appendix, 1881
[295] http://www.thetextofthegospels.com/2017/06/fool-and-knave-hebrews-1-in-codex.html
[296] Edward F. Hills, The King James Version Defended, 4th edition, pp. 220, 223
[297] https://codexsinaiticus.org/en/
[298] Hoskier, Herman, Codex B and its Allies, Vol II. P 1.
[299] It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment. Proverbs 24:23b
[300] And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. Deuteronomy 11:19
[301] Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world. James 1:27
[302] http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-559949/Downfall-decent-clan-What-Shannon-family-tree-reveals-social-breakdown-Britain.html
[303] I will therefore that the younger women marry, bear children, guide the house, give none occasion to the adversary to speak reproachfully. I Timothy 5:14
[304] Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Families Are (Still) Going Broke Basic Books (New York) 2003
[305] And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh? 6Wherefore they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. Matthew 19:5-6
[306] So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created
he him; male and female created he them. Genesis 1:27
Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name
Adam, in the day when they were created. Genesis 5:2
[307] https://www.nyc.gov/site/cchr/law/legal-guidances-gender-identity-expression.page
[308] https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-68746512
[309] For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. I Timothy 6:10
[310]https://www.realclearwire.com/articles/2024/01/08/the_root_cause_of_academic_groupthink_1003644.html
posted by Bill Taylor at 11:16 AM
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